The human endocrine system

Figure 2 shows organs and glands in a human body.

Label the glands on Figure 2.

Choose answers from the box.

Cells in the pancreas detect blood glucose concentration.

What type of cells detect blood glucose concentration?

Tick (✓) one box.

The pancreas produces insulin.

How is insulin transported from the pancreas to the rest of the body?

Which organ is a target organ of insulin?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which chemical is a store of glucose in human cells?

Tick (✓) one box.

Three people each ate similar meals.

The blood glucose concentration of each person was recorded for 80 minutes after the meal.

Figure 3 shows the results.

What was the change in blood glucose concentration in person A from 0 minutes to 60 minutes?

Describe the trend in the relationship between blood glucose concentration and time after the meal.

A student concluded:

‘Person A has diabetes’.

Explain how Figure 3 supports the student’s conclusion.

You should refer to insulin in your answer.

Describe two ways a person with Type 2 diabetes could change their lifestyle to control their diabetes.

Hormones are released from endocrine glands.

Which gland releases hormones to control other glands?

Tick () one box.

Several hormones can affect blood glucose concentration.

Adrenaline can increase blood glucose concentration.

What is one other effect of adrenaline?

Tick () one box.

Cells in the pancreas detect changes in blood glucose concentration.

What type of cell in the body detects changes?

Scientists investigated whether blood glucose concentration affects reaction time.

The reaction times of ten people with Type 1 diabetes were measured.

This is the method used.

1. Tell one person to drink a glucose solution.

2. Monitor the person’s blood glucose concentration.

3. Record the person’s reaction time when the person’s blood glucose concentration is:

16 mmol/dm³

6 mmol/dm³

3 mmol/dm³

4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 for the nine other people.

People with Type 1 diabetes were selected for the investigation instead of people who did not have diabetes.

Explain why.

Control variables between the different people in the investigation included:

• age

• sex

• food and drink consumed before and during the test.

Suggest two other control variables that should be used in the investigation.

It was important for the scientists to monitor the health of each person during the investigation.

Suggest one reason why.

Figure 6 shows the results.

People who do not have diabetes usually have a blood glucose concentration in the range of 4.0 mmol/dm³ to 7.8 mmol/dm³.

Describe how the results in Figure 6 show the importance of homeostasis.

Describe how blood glucose concentration is maintained within narrow limits in people who do not have diabetes.

The scientists gave the hypothesis:

‘Optimum blood glucose concentration increases the production of chemicals that diffuse across synapses.’

Describe how an increase in the chemicals could decrease reaction time.

The endocrine system is made up of glands which secrete hormones. Figure 5 shows the position of endocrine glands in the human body.

Which letter shows the pancreas? Tick (✓) one box.

Which letter shows the thyroid gland? Tick (✓) one box.

Hormones travel from the gland where they are made to the target organ where they have an effect. How do hormones travel from the gland to the target organ?

When blood glucose concentration becomes too high, hormone X from the pancreas causes a decrease in the glucose concentration.

Name hormone X.

In what two ways does hormone X cause a decrease in blood glucose concentration? Tick (✓) two boxes.

Figure 6 shows the blood glucose concentration in a woman.

Suggest what time of day the woman ate her breakfast of sugar-coated cereal.

The man in Figure 6 has Type 2 diabetes but he has not been treated.

The man ate:

• the same type and amount of breakfast cereal as the woman

• at the same time as the woman.

Suggest what his blood glucose concentration would be at 9:00

The man:

• is an obese office worker

• does not exercise

• eats sugary snacks at his desk.

Give two lifestyle changes a doctor might recommend to the man to help him control his diabetes.

Describe how a low blood glucose concentration would lead to a person feeling weak.

Figure 5 shows glands in the human body.

Which organ system includes the glands shown in Figure 5 ?

Which gland produces insulin?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which gland produces hormones that stimulate the other glands to produce hormones?

Tick (✓) one box.

How do hormones travel from one gland to another gland?

Name two glands involved in human reproduction.

Do not refer to glands shown on Figure 5 in your answer.

Ovulation test kits can help women know when they are most fertile.

Ovulation test kits detect the increase in the hormone that stimulates ovulation.

Which hormone is detected by ovulation test kits?

Tick (✓) one box.

A new contraceptive drug for men is being tested.

The drug:

• is given in one injection

• stops sperm being able to fertilise eggs

• is effective for up to 13 years.

Evaluate the use of the new drug compared with existing contraceptive methods.

Figure 1 shows glands in the human body.

Which organ system includes the glands shown in Figure 1 ?

Which gland produces insulin? Tick (✓) one box.

Which gland produces hormones that stimulate the other glands to produce hormones? Tick (✓) one box.

How do hormones travel from one gland to another gland?

Name two glands involved in human reproduction. Do not refer to glands shown on Figure 1 in your answer.

Ovulation test kits can help women know when they are most fertile. Ovulation test kits detect the increase in the hormone that stimulates ovulation. Which hormone is detected by ovulation test kits? Tick (✓) one box.

A new contraceptive drug for men is being tested. The drug:

• is given in one injection

• stops sperm being able to fertilise eggs

• is effective for up to 13 years.

Evaluate the use of the new drug compared with existing contraceptive methods.

Homeostasis regulates the internal conditions of the human body.

Which two processes are regulated by homeostasis? Tick (✓) two boxes.

Hormones are produced by glands in the endocrine system. Each hormone has an effect on a target organ. Figure 6 shows glands of the endocrine system.

What is the name of gland A ? Tick (✓) one box.

Before eating a sugar-coated cereal a person had a blood glucose concentration of 5.2 mmol/dm³ Soon after eating the cereal the person had a blood glucose concentration of 8.4 mmol/dm³

Calculate the increase in the blood glucose concentration.

The person needed medication to decrease their blood glucose concentration. Suggest what disorder the person has.

There is a problem with the hormone control of the person. What is the problem? Tick (✓) one box.

The person:

• works in an office

• drives to work

• is overweight

• watches the television and reads every night

• drinks a hot chocolate every night.

Suggest two lifestyle changes the person could make to help treat their disorder.

In sexual reproduction, cells divide by meiosis to form gametes. Which two statements are true for cell division by meiosis? Tick (✓) two boxes.

Hormones are released from endocrine glands. Each hormone travels in the bloodstream to a target organ. Figure 3 shows the position of endocrine glands in a female.

Label the endocrine glands on Figure 3.

Complete Table 2.

Millions of geranium plants are sold each year in garden centres. Geraniums can be reproduced asexually or sexually. Figure 4 shows a potted geranium plant.

Garden centres usually grow new geranium plants by asexual reproduction.

Suggest two advantages for garden centres of growing geraniums by asexual reproduction compared with sexual reproduction.

Suggest two disadvantages for garden centres of growing geraniums by asexual reproduction compared with sexual reproduction.

This question is about coordination in the human body.

Figure 2 shows a sensory neurone (nerve cell).

Which label is the cell nucleus?

Tick one box.

Which label is the receptor?

Tick one box.

Figure 3 shows the nerve pathway when a person touches a sharp pin.

Name structures A and B on Figure 3

When the finger touches the sharp pin, the muscle in the arm contracts to pull the arm away.

What type of action is this?

Tick one box.

Doctors tested people of different ages to time how long it took between touching a sharp pin and the arm muscle contracting.

At each age they tested five men and calculated a mean value for the time.

Table 1 shows the results.

How much longer does it take for the muscle to contract at 80 years of age compared to at 20 years of age?

Give your answer in seconds.

Figure 4 shows the position of some of the glands which release hormones.

Which label on Figure 4 shows the position of the pituitary gland?

Tick one box.

Luteinising hormone (LH) is a hormone released by the pituitary gland.

What is the function of LH?

Tick one box.

How does LH travel from the pituitary gland to its target organ?

Figure 5 shows the relative levels of sex hormones of three young people over 30 days.

One person is an 8-year-old girl, one is an 18-year-old boy and the other is an 18-year-old girl.

Which person is the 18-year-old boy?

Give one reason for your answer.