Give one example of a group of people who migrated West between 1839 and 1860.
[1]
Give one example of a way in which the lives of Plains Indians changed in the years
1877–1900.
[1]
Give one example of how African Americans were discriminated against after the Civil War.
[1]
Write a clear and organised summary that analyses big business in America in the years
1877–1900. Support your summary with examples.
[9]
Why did the building of the railroads have such a big impact on the Plains? Explain your answer
with examples.
[10]
4* ‘Slavery alone caused the American Civil War’. How far do you agree with this statement? Give
reasons for your answer.
[18]
5* How far do you agree that control and ownership of land was the most important cause of conflict
in the early years of America, 1789–1838? Give reasons for your answer.
[18]
What can Source A tell us about the Spanish as they moved through Tlaxcalan territory? Use the
source and your own knowledge to support your answer.
B Diaz, 'The Conquest of New Spain', pp158-160, translator J Cohen, 'The Conquest of New Spain', Penguin Books Ltd, 1963, © J Cohen 1963. Item removed due to third party copyright restrictions.
[7]
How useful are Sources B and C and Interpretation D for a historian studying the work of the Church in New Spain? In your answer, refer to the two sources and the interpretation as well as
your own knowledge.
Source B – From The History of the Indies of New Spain by Fray Diego Duran, written in 1581. Duran was born in Spain but his family moved to Mexico City and he was educated there. In 1556 he became a Dominican friar and spent the rest of his life preaching and in close contact with the Indians.
The Christian religion began to grow and the Indians took to it with love and willingness. After the Christian fathers had preached to them, they began to abandon their idols. They broke them, mocked them and stepped on them. They begged to be baptised with great enthusiasm, and it was an amazing thing to see the millions who came for this baptism and who gave up the blindness in which they had lived their lives.
Twelve years after the conquest of New Spain, the fathers of the Order of Saint Augustine arrived and took up the work of conversion. They dedicated themselves to this work and began to convert these poor nations. In order to present a good example before the Indians, the most Christian Cortes would kneel and kiss the hands of any friar he met.
Source C – An illustration from The History of Mexico written by Munoz Camargo in the 1580s. Camargo was born in 1529. He had a Spanish father and Indian mother. This illustration was probably not drawn by him but by an Indian. Underneath the illustration was written ‘Punishment and justice for someone who had gone back to the Aztec religion. He is to be hanged the very next day.’
Interpretation D – From The Conquest of Mexico by the historian Hugh Thomas, 1993.
Cortes believed that the friars held the secret of keeping the large population peaceful and he was pleased to welcome in 1523, three volunteer Franciscans. So began the domination of the friars. Many more came, carrying out conversions by the thousand. Documents suggest that at least on a superficial level their success in Mexico was remarkable. The conquerors covered the country with a network of monasteries, churches and shrines. Yet this conversion was a patchwork. Fray Diego Duran was honest enough to see that Mexicans, while formally attending Christian festivals, seemed underneath to be celebrating pagan ones. The secret practice of ancient religious ceremonies continued for many years. Some Indian converts publicly washed their heads; so renouncing their baptism.
[15]
8* How far do you agree that its agriculture was the basis of the wealth of the Aztec Empire? Explain
your answer.
[18]
9* ‘Religious belief was the most important reason the Aztecs practised human sacrifice.’ How far do
you agree with this view?
[18]
The paper as printed
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