Describing motion along a line

A person has been for a walk.

Figure 9 shows the distance–time graph for the walk.

Some quantities are scalar quantities and others are vector quantities.

Which of the following are scalar quantities?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

What was the total distance walked by the person in 2000 seconds?

Calculate the average speed of the person during the 2000 seconds.

Use your answer to Question 05.2

Use the equation:

Which section of Figure 9 shows the person walking the slowest?

Give a reason for your answer.

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The person walked slowest when going up some steps.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

When walking up the steps, the person did more work against the

On another day, the person ran the same route.

What is a typical speed for a person running?

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Electromagnetic waves are transverse. Figure 13 represents a transverse wave.

Which of the following gives the wavelength of the transverse wave? Tick (✓) one box.

Which of the following gives the amplitude of the transverse wave? Tick (✓) one box.

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves used for mobile phone communications. Which other type of electromagnetic wave is also used for communications? Tick (✓) one box.

Microwaves from a mobile phone take 0.000 009 s to reach a mobile phone mast. speed of microwaves = 300 000 000 m/s Calculate the distance between the mobile phone and the mobile phone mast. Use the equation: distance = speed × time

Mobile phone communications is only one of the uses for microwaves. Give one other use of microwaves.

Figure 25 shows the route an aeroplane takes as it travels from an airport terminal to the runway. Figure 25 has been drawn to scale.

Determine the magnitude of the aeroplane’s displacement from the start point to the finish point on Figure 25.

Figure 26 shows the direction of the horizontal forces acting on the aeroplane as it moves in a straight line towards the runway.

Determine the magnitude of the resultant horizontal force on the aeroplane.

Describe the motion of the aeroplane as it moves towards the runway.

Air resistance and friction are contact forces. Give one other example of a contact force.

The aeroplane stops for a short time and then accelerates along the runway. Figure 27 shows a distance–time sketch-graph for this stage of the journey.

Draw the velocity–time sketch-graph for this stage of the journey on Figure 28.

The aeroplane takes off from the runway, so its height above the ground increases. Figure 29 shows how atmospheric pressure varies with the height of the aeroplane above the ground.

Estimate the atmospheric pressure when the height of the aeroplane above the ground is 10 km.

What happens to the air surrounding the aeroplane as the height of the aeroplane above the ground increases? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 3 shows the route an aeroplane takes as it travels from an airport terminal to the runway. Figure 3 has been drawn to scale.

Determine the magnitude of the aeroplane’s displacement from the start point to the finish point on Figure 3.

Figure 4 shows the direction of the horizontal forces acting on the aeroplane as it moves in a straight line towards the runway.

Determine the magnitude of the resultant horizontal force on the aeroplane.

Describe the motion of the aeroplane as it moves towards the runway.

Air resistance and friction are contact forces. Give one other example of a contact force.

The aeroplane stops for a short time and then accelerates along the runway. Figure 5 shows a distance–time sketch-graph for this stage of the journey.

Draw the velocity–time sketch-graph for this stage of the journey on Figure 6.

The aeroplane takes off from the runway, so its height above the ground increases. Figure 7 shows how atmospheric pressure varies with the height of the aeroplane above the ground.

Estimate the atmospheric pressure when the height of the aeroplane above the ground is 10 km.

What happens to the air surrounding the aeroplane as the height of the aeroplane above the ground increases? Tick (✓) one box.

Sound travels as longitudinal waves.

Complete the sentences.

Choose the answers from the box.

The distance between the centre of one compression of a sound wave and the centre

of the next compression is called the.

The number of waves passing a point each second is called the

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

to the direction of energy transfer.

A sound wave has a frequency of 8.0 kHz.

Which of the following is the same as 8.0 kHz?

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Calculate the period of a sound wave with a frequency of 8.0 kHz.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

Calculate the wavelength of a sound wave with a frequency of 6600 Hz.

speed of sound = 330 m/s

Use the equation:

Choose the unit from the box.

Figure 14 shows the arrangement of two loudspeakers at a concert venue.

The loudspeakers in Figure 14 are tested by playing the same song through both loudspeakers.

A sound technician listens to the song.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet to answer questions 07.6 and 07.7.

Write down the equation which links distance (s), speed (v) and time (t).

Distance A on Figure 14 is 13.2 m.

speed of sound = 330 m/s

Calculate the time taken for the sound to travel from loudspeaker A to the technician.

The sound from each loudspeaker travels at the same speed.

For the sound technician to hear the song clearly, the sound from loudspeaker B should be emitted slightly before the sound from loudspeaker A.

Explain why.

Speed limits on roads increase safety.

The braking distance of a car increases as the speed of the car increases.

Give two other factors that increase the braking distance of a car.

Explain why the driver’s reaction time affects the thinking distance of a car.

Scientists have investigated how drinking alcohol affects a person’s reaction time.

Figure 5 shows the results of the investigation.

Which of the following conclusions can be made using Figure 5 ?

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Figure 6 shows some speed cameras on a road.

The speed cameras determine the average speed of cars on the road.

The speed limit on the road in Figure 6 is 20 m/s.

The cameras in Figure 6 are 1.5 km apart.

Calculate the minimum time it takes to travel 1.5 km without breaking the speed limit.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

The average speed of a car between the cameras and the average velocity of the car between the cameras are different.

Explain why.

Figure 3 shows a cyclist on a bicycle. The cyclist is moving at a constant velocity. Arrows A and B represent the horizontal forces acting on the bicycle and cyclist.

What is force A ? Tick (✓) one box.

What is force B ? Tick (✓) one box.

What is the relationship between force A and force B when the cyclist travels at a constant velocity? Tick (✓) one box.

The cyclist applies a force of 150 N to one of the bicycle pedals. Figure 4 shows the distance between the force applied and the pivot.

Calculate the moment about the pivot caused by the force applied to the pedal in Figure 4. Use the equation: moment of a force = force × distance

Figure 5 shows how the pedal is connected to the back wheel of the bicycle.

Complete the sentence. Choose the answer from the box.

axle chain cog

The force from the cyclist pushing down on the pedal is transmitted to the back wheel

Figure 6 shows how the velocity of the cyclist changes during a journey.

What is the change in velocity of the cyclist in the first 20 seconds of the journey? Tick (✓) one box.

Determine the acceleration of the cyclist during the first 20 seconds of the journey. Use your answer from Question 02.6 Use the equation:

Complete the sentence. Choose the answer from the box.

deceleration speed velocity

Between 30 and 40 seconds the cyclist moves with

The cyclist travels from home to school. Figure 7 shows the route the cyclist followed.

Draw an arrow on Figure 7 to show the displacement of the cyclist.

Figure 16 shows the magnetic field pattern around a bar magnet.

Draw an arrow at point A and point B to show the direction of the magnetic field at each point.

A bar magnet produces its own magnetic field. Complete the sentence. Choose the answer from the box.

A bar magnet is an example of.

Which graph shows how the strength of the magnetic field varies with distance from the bar magnet? Give a reason for your answer. Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 17 shows an electromagnet being used to separate aluminium cans from steel cans.

Explain how the electromagnet and conveyor belt are used to separate the steel cans from the aluminium cans.

At the top of the table the strength of the magnetic field is only just enough to pick the cans up. Describe two ways to increase the strength of magnetic field at the top of the table.

Write down the equation which links distance travelled (s), speed (v) and time (t).

The conveyor belt moves a can at a speed of 1.7 m/s. Calculate the time taken to move the can 3.3 m at this speed. Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

An aircraft travels at a constant velocity. How is the velocity of the aircraft different to the speed of the aircraft?

Figure 11 shows one of the engines on the aircraft.

Air is taken into the front of the engine and pushed out of the back of the engine. Explain the effect this has on the engine.

Figure 12 shows a distance-time graph for the aircraft.

Determine the speed of the aircraft.

Write down the equation that links acceleration (a), change in velocity (Δ v) and time taken (t).

At a different stage of the flight, the aircraft was travelling at a velocity of 250 m/s. The aircraft then decelerated at 0.14 m/s². Calculate the time taken for the aircraft to decelerate from 250 m/s to 68 m/s.

Write down the equation that links distance (s), force (F) and work done (W).

When the aircraft landed, it travelled 2000 m before stopping. The work done to stop the aircraft was 140 000 000 J. Calculate the mean force used to stop the aircraft.

Mean force = N

Complete the sentences. The Sun is a stable star. This is because the forces pulling inwards caused by

Write down the equation that links distance travelled (s), speed (v) and time (t).

The mean distance between the Sun and the Earth is 1.5 10¹¹ m. Light travels at a speed of 3.0 10⁸ m/s. Calculate the time taken for light from the Sun to reach the Earth.

Some stars are much more massive than the Sun. Describe the life cycle of stars much more massive than the Sun, including the formation of new elements.

Stars emit radiation with a range of wavelengths. Which property of a star does the range of wavelengths depend on? Tick (✓) one box.

Complete the sentences. The Sun is a stable star. This is because the forces pulling inwards caused by

Write down the equation that links distance travelled (s), speed (v) and time (t).

The mean distance between the Sun and the Earth is 1.5 10¹¹ m. Light travels at a speed of 3.0 10⁸ m/s. Calculate the time taken for light from the Sun to reach the Earth.

Some stars are much more massive than the Sun. Describe the life cycle of stars much more massive than the Sun, including the formation of new elements.

Stars emit radiation with a range of wavelengths. Which property of a star does the range of wavelengths depend on? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 1 shows an athlete on starting blocks waiting to start a 100 metre race.

Complete the sentence. Choose the answer from the box.

The force from the athlete pushing backwards on the starting blocks is the force from the starting blocks pushing forwards on the athlete.

Figure 2 shows a distance-time graph for the athlete from the moment the race starts.

Three parts of the distance-time graph are labelled J, K and L. Draw one line from each of the labels to the correct description of the athlete’s motion for that part of the graph.

What distance does the athlete travel after the end of the race before stopping?

Calculate the average speed of the athlete between the start and finish of the 100 metre race. Use the equation:

The athlete runs faster than a typical person. What is the average running speed of a typical person in metres per second?

Tick (✓) one box.

A child drops a ball. The ball hits the ground and bounces. Figure 14 shows the velocity-time graph for the ball from when the ball is dropped until when the ball reaches the top of its first bounce. Air resistance has been ignored.

Figure 14

Describe the motion of the ball between points A and B on Figure 14.

What direction is the ball moving between points C and D on Figure 14 ?

The ball and the Earth form a system. What is meant by ‘a system’? Tick one box.

When the ball hits the ground, energy is transferred from the ball to the Earth. Explain how the data in Figure 14 shows this energy transfer.