AQA GCSE Physics Paper 2 Higher June 2023 question paper 8463/2H

Infrared waves are transverse waves.

Complete the sentence.

to the direction of energy transfer by the wave.

A student investigated how the colour of a surface affects the rate at which the surface emits infrared radiation. Figure 1 shows some of the equipment used.

The student wrote the following hypothesis: ‘The black-coloured flask will emit more infrared radiation than the silver-coloured flask during 10 minutes of cooling.’ Describe a method to test this hypothesis.

When will the flasks emit infrared radiation at the greatest rate? Give a reason for your answer. Tick (✓) one box.

Another student investigated the absorption of infrared radiation by different surface colours. The student filled four hollow metal cubes with cold water. Each cube was the same size but had a different surface colour. The cubes were then placed the same distance from an infrared heater. After 10 minutes, the student measured the temperature increase of the water inside each cube.

What was the dependent variable in this investigation?

Table 1 shows the results.

Give two conclusions that can be made from the results in Table 1.

Figure 2 shows one of the cubes. The cube is filled with water. The weight of the water exerts a pressure on the bottom of the cube.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet to answer questions 01.6 and 01.7.

Which equation correctly links area, force and pressure? Tick (✓) one box.

The water pressure at the bottom of the cube is 1500 Pa. Calculate the force of the water on the bottom of the cube.

Figure 3 shows the route an aeroplane takes as it travels from an airport terminal to the runway. Figure 3 has been drawn to scale.

Determine the magnitude of the aeroplane’s displacement from the start point to the finish point on Figure 3.

Figure 4 shows the direction of the horizontal forces acting on the aeroplane as it moves in a straight line towards the runway.

Determine the magnitude of the resultant horizontal force on the aeroplane.

Describe the motion of the aeroplane as it moves towards the runway.

Air resistance and friction are contact forces. Give one other example of a contact force.

The aeroplane stops for a short time and then accelerates along the runway. Figure 5 shows a distance–time sketch-graph for this stage of the journey.

Draw the velocity–time sketch-graph for this stage of the journey on Figure 6.

The aeroplane takes off from the runway, so its height above the ground increases. Figure 7 shows how atmospheric pressure varies with the height of the aeroplane above the ground.

Estimate the atmospheric pressure when the height of the aeroplane above the ground is 10 km.

What happens to the air surrounding the aeroplane as the height of the aeroplane above the ground increases? Tick (✓) one box.

Some cars have a lever that is used to apply the handbrake. Figure 8 shows the handbrake lever in a car.

The driver applies the force shown in Figure 8. The force produces a moment about the pivot. How could the driver increase the moment about the pivot without increasing the size of the force?

The driver releases the handbrake. Figure 9 shows how the velocity of the car changes during the first 5 seconds of a journey.

After 3 seconds, the momentum of the car is 24 000 kg m/s. Calculate the mass of the car. Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

Determine the distance travelled by the car during the first 5 seconds of the journey. Use Figure 9.

In an emergency the driver needs to apply the brakes suddenly to stop the car quickly. The driver of the car is distracted. Explain why the distraction will increase the stopping distance.

Explain why the temperature of the brakes increases as they are used.

A megaphone uses a loudspeaker to amplify sounds that are detected by a microphone. Figure 10 shows a megaphone and microphone.

Complete the sentence.

The microphone is used to convert the pressure variations in sound waves into

The loudspeaker contains a permanent magnet. Which diagram in Figure 11 shows the direction of the magnetic field between the north pole and the south pole of the magnet? The magnets are shown in cross-section. Tick (✓) one box.

Some magnets are permanent magnets and some are induced magnets. What is an induced magnet?

Figure 12 shows the parts of the loudspeaker in the megaphone.

A current in the coil of the loudspeaker causes the coil to move.

What is the name of the effect that causes the coil to move? Tick (✓) one box.

When the current in the coil is 16 mA, the force on the coil is 0.013 N. The length of the wire that makes up the coil is 6.5 m. Calculate the magnetic flux density around the coil in the electromagnet. Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

Megaphones can produce very loud sounds. A person’s hearing can be affected by age and by working in a loud environment. Figure 13 shows how frequency affects the minimum sound level that can be heard by three different people, A, B and C.

Compare how different factors affect the minimum sound level that these people can hear.

Figure 14 shows some bumper cars. Bumper cars are designed to withstand collisions at low speeds.

During a collision between a bumper car and the barrier, the bumper car and barrier act as a closed system. What is meant by a ‘closed system’?

How does Newton’s Third Law of motion apply to the collision between the bumper car and the barrier?

During the collision, the change in momentum of the bumper car is 700 kg m/s. The time taken for the collision is 0.28 s. Calculate the force on the bumper car during the collision. Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

The bumper car has a flexible bumper. Explain how the flexible bumper reduces the risk of injury to the people in the bumper car during the collision.

A bumper car moved with an initial constant velocity and then accelerated

While accelerating, the bumper car travelled a distance of 1.5 m. The final velocity of the bumper car was 2.5 m/s. Calculate the initial constant velocity of the bumper car. Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

Figure 15 shows the Hubble Space Telescope orbiting the Earth.

What name is given to objects that orbit a planet?

A space telescope uses microwaves to communicate with the Earth. A microwave has a wavelength of 12.5 cm. The speed of microwaves through space is 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s. Calculate the frequency of the microwave. Use the Physics Equations Sheet. Give your answer in standard form.

Explain the effect of the Earth’s gravitational force on the motion of the Hubble Space Telescope.

The Hubble Space Telescope can detect visible light from distant galaxies. The visible light spectra from stars and galaxies include dark lines at specific wavelengths. Figure 16 shows the visible light spectra from the Sun and two galaxies.

Explain what conclusions can be made about galaxies A and B.

A student investigated the behaviour of light. The student used a mirror with a smooth surface to investigate reflection. Figure 17 shows the equipment used.

What name is given to reflection from a smooth surface?

The student measured the angle of reflection for different angles of incidence. Table 2 shows the results.

What conclusion can be made from the results in Table 2 ?

What type of error caused the variation in the results for the angle of reflection? Suggest one cause of this error.

The student also investigated the refraction of light.

Figure 18 shows the path of a ray of light through a glass block.

Why has refraction not occurred?

The student measured the angle of refraction for different angles of incidence. Figure 19 shows the protractor used.

When the angle of incidence was 10° the student measured the angle of refraction four times. The student recorded the measurements as: 6.0° 6.3° 6.4° 5.8° Explain why the student should not have recorded these results when using the protractor in Figure 19 to make the measurements.

Figure 20 shows what happens to wave fronts as they pass across the boundary between air and glass.

Explain in terms of the wave fronts, why refraction happens at the boundary between air and glass.

Figure 21 shows a transformer used to power a lamp using the mains electricity supply.

What material is used to make the core of the transformer? Give the reason for using this material.

Determine the current in the secondary coil when the power output of the transformer is 6.9 W. The transformer is 100% efficient. Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

A dynamo is used to generate an electric current. Figure 22 shows the inside parts of the dynamo connected to a lamp.

The coil is rotated. Explain why a direct current is induced in the coil.

Sketch a graph on Figure 23 to show how the potential difference generated across the lamp varies for two complete revolutions of the dynamo coil.

The lamp is disconnected from the dynamo. Explain why the dynamo becomes much easier to turn.