Transverse and longitudinal waves

Light waves and water waves can both be reflected.

A student used a ray box and a mirror to investigate the reflection of light.

Figure 1 shows some of the apparatus used.

The student measured angle A and angle B.

What equipment should the student have used to measure each angle?

The student moved the ray box and changed the direction of the ray of light.

The student recorded different pairs of values of angle A and angle B.

Table 1 shows the results.

Figure 2 shows an incomplete graph of the results.

Complete Figure 2.

You should:

• label the y-axis

• plot the remaining data from Table 1

• draw a line of best fit.

What is the relationship between angle A and angle B ?

Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 3 represents a water wave.

Which letter represents the amplitude of the water wave in Figure 3 ?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which letter represents the wavelength of the water wave in Figure 3 ?

Tick (✓) one box.

A water wave in a ripple tank has a wave speed of 0.125 m/s.

The wave has a frequency of 2.5 Hz.

Calculate the wavelength of the wave.

Use the equation:

Choose the unit from the box.

The wave has a frequency of 2.5 Hz.

Calculate the period of the wave.

Use the equation:

In a thunderstorm, lightning produces visible light waves and sound waves.

Describe the similarities and differences between visible light waves and sound waves.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet to answer questions 08.2 and 08.3.

Which equation links distance (s), speed (v) and time (t)?

Tick (✓) one box.

Lightning strikes the ground 13 200 m from a student.

The speed of sound in air is 330 m/s.

Calculate the time taken for the sound created by the lightning strike to reach the student.

In a thunderstorm, lightning produces visible light waves and sound waves.

Describe the similarities and differences between visible light waves and sound waves.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet to answer questions 01.2 and 01.3.

Which equation links distance (s), speed (v) and time (t)?

Tick () one box.

Lightning strikes the ground 13 200 m from a student.

The speed of sound in air is 330 m/s.

Calculate the time taken for the sound created by the lightning strike to reach the student.

Figure 7 represents a transverse wave.

Which arrow represents the amplitude of the wave?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which arrow represents the wavelength of the wave?

Tick (✓) one box.

A wave has a frequency of 5000 Hz.

Calculate the period of the wave.

Use the equation:

Give one example of a transverse wave that can travel through a vacuum.

Figure 8 represents a longitudinal wave.

Which point is at the centre of a rarefaction?

Tick (✓) one box.

A sound wave has a frequency of 750 Hz.

speed of sound in air = 330 m/s

Calculate the wavelength of the sound wave.

Use the equation:

Describe a method that could be used to determine the speed of sound in air.

When a sound wave moves from air into water, the speed of the wave increases.

The frequency of the sound wave does not change.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

When a sound wave moves from air into water its

Figure 5 shows the magnetic field pattern produced when there is a current in a wire.

What do the arrows on the magnetic field lines represent?

How could the strength of the magnetic field be increased? Tick (✓) one box.

The wire is coiled to make a solenoid. Which diagram in Figure 6 shows the magnetic field pattern produced when there is a current in the solenoid?

Figure 7 shows the parts of an electric bell.

Figure 8 shows an incomplete sequence of how the bell works.

Write one letter in each box to show the correct sequence. Use each letter once. A A magnetic field is created around the electromagnet. B A resultant force acts on the iron arm causing it to move towards the electromagnet. C The iron arm returns to its original position. D There is a current in the circuit.

Which of the following would increase the resultant force on the iron arm? Tick (✓) one box.

The iron arm of the bell vibrates with a frequency of 6.25 Hz. Calculate the period of the iron arm. Use the equation:

The sound waves produced by the bell are longitudinal waves. Figure 9 shows the position of the air particles at one point in time as the sound waves travel through the air.

Which letter represents an area of compression? Tick (✓) one box.

Infrared waves are transverse waves.

Complete the sentence.

to the direction of energy transfer by the wave.

A student investigated how the colour of a surface affects the rate at which the surface emits infrared radiation. Figure 23 shows some of the equipment used.

The student wrote the following hypothesis: ‘The black-coloured flask will emit more infrared radiation than the silver-coloured flask during 10 minutes of cooling.’ Describe a method to test this hypothesis.

When will the flasks emit infrared radiation at the greatest rate? Give a reason for your answer. Tick (✓) one box.

Another student investigated the absorption of infrared radiation by different surface colours. The student filled four hollow metal cubes with cold water. Each cube was the same size but had a different surface colour. The cubes were then placed the same distance from an infrared heater. After 10 minutes, the student measured the temperature increase of the water inside each cube.

What was the dependent variable in this investigation?

Table 2 shows the results.

Give two conclusions that can be made from the results in Table 2.

Figure 24 shows one of the cubes. The cube is filled with water. The weight of the water exerts a pressure on the bottom of the cube.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet to answer questions 09.6 and 09.7.

Which equation correctly links area, force and pressure? Tick (✓) one box.

The water pressure at the bottom of the cube is 1500 Pa. Calculate the force of the water on the bottom of the cube.

Infrared waves are transverse waves.

Complete the sentence.

to the direction of energy transfer by the wave.

A student investigated how the colour of a surface affects the rate at which the surface emits infrared radiation. Figure 1 shows some of the equipment used.

The student wrote the following hypothesis: ‘The black-coloured flask will emit more infrared radiation than the silver-coloured flask during 10 minutes of cooling.’ Describe a method to test this hypothesis.

When will the flasks emit infrared radiation at the greatest rate? Give a reason for your answer. Tick (✓) one box.

Another student investigated the absorption of infrared radiation by different surface colours. The student filled four hollow metal cubes with cold water. Each cube was the same size but had a different surface colour. The cubes were then placed the same distance from an infrared heater. After 10 minutes, the student measured the temperature increase of the water inside each cube.

What was the dependent variable in this investigation?

Table 1 shows the results.

Give two conclusions that can be made from the results in Table 1.

Figure 2 shows one of the cubes. The cube is filled with water. The weight of the water exerts a pressure on the bottom of the cube.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet to answer questions 01.6 and 01.7.

Which equation correctly links area, force and pressure? Tick (✓) one box.

The water pressure at the bottom of the cube is 1500 Pa. Calculate the force of the water on the bottom of the cube.

Sound travels as longitudinal waves.

Complete the sentences.

Choose the answers from the box.

The distance between the centre of one compression of a sound wave and the centre

of the next compression is called the.

The number of waves passing a point each second is called the

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

to the direction of energy transfer.

A sound wave has a frequency of 8.0 kHz.

Which of the following is the same as 8.0 kHz?

Tick (✓) one box.

Calculate the period of a sound wave with a frequency of 8.0 kHz.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

Calculate the wavelength of a sound wave with a frequency of 6600 Hz.

speed of sound = 330 m/s

Use the equation:

Choose the unit from the box.

Figure 14 shows the arrangement of two loudspeakers at a concert venue.

The loudspeakers in Figure 14 are tested by playing the same song through both loudspeakers.

A sound technician listens to the song.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet to answer questions 07.6 and 07.7.

Write down the equation which links distance (s), speed (v) and time (t).

Distance A on Figure 14 is 13.2 m.

speed of sound = 330 m/s

Calculate the time taken for the sound to travel from loudspeaker A to the technician.

The sound from each loudspeaker travels at the same speed.

For the sound technician to hear the song clearly, the sound from loudspeaker B should be emitted slightly before the sound from loudspeaker A.

Explain why.

Figure 1 shows a water wave.

What type of wave is a water wave? Tick (✓) one box.

Which statement describes the movement of the water at point X ? Tick (✓) one box.

The wave has a frequency of 2.0 hertz. The wavelength is 0.032 metres. Calculate the wave speed. Use the equation: wave speed = frequency × wavelength Choose the unit from the box.

What is transferred by all waves? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 2 shows four water waves. The waves are all drawn to the same scale. The waves all travel at the same speed.

Which wave has the longest wavelength? Tick (✓) one box.

Which wave has the highest frequency? Tick (✓) one box.

Ultraviolet is a type of electromagnetic wave.

Give one use of ultraviolet.

An ultraviolet wave has a wavelength of 300 nanometres. Which of the following is equal to 300 nanometres? Tick (✓) one box.

The speed of ultraviolet waves is 3 × 10⁸ m/s. Calculate the frequency of the ultraviolet wave. Use your answer to Question 05.2

Table 1 gives the wavelength of an ultraviolet wave and three other electromagnetic waves.

Draw one line from each wave to the name of the wave.

Electromagnetic waves are transverse. Some other types of wave are longitudinal.

Describe the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves.

P-waves and S-waves are two types of seismic wave caused by earthquakes.

Which one of the statements about P-waves and S-waves is correct? Tick one box.

Seismometers on the Earth’s surface record the vibrations caused by seismic waves. Figure 16 shows the vibration recorded by a seismometer for one P-wave.

Figure 16

Calculate the frequency of the P-wave shown in Figure 16.

Write down the equation which links frequency, wavelength and wave speed.

The P-wave shown in Figure 16 is travelling at 7200 m/s. Calculate the wavelength of the P-wave.

Explain why the study of seismic waves provides evidence for the structure of the Earth’s core.