AQA A Level Geography Paper 2: Human geography June 2018 question paper 7037/2

Explain the concept of the ‘global commons’.

Figure 1a shows the mean July temperatures at Faraday, a research station in Antarctica, between 1976 and 2016. Figure 1b is a graph showing the annual mean temperature at Faraday between 1950 and 2016. Figure 1c shows the mean July temperatures in rank order and the formula for calculating inter-quartile range.

Complete Figure 1c and analyse the temperature variations shown in Figures 1a, 1b and 1c.

Figure 2 shows the global trade in oil in 2012.

Using Figure 2 and your own knowledge, assess the extent to which this pattern is similar to the global trade in a food commodity or manufactured product you have studied.

‘Transnational corporations (TNCs) are the most significant factor in creating unequal flows of people and money within global systems.’

With reference to a TNC, assess the extent to which you agree with this statement.

Explain why an outsider perspective might give a different sense of place to an insider perspective.

Figure 3a shows qualitative data measuring personal well-being across selected inner London boroughs. Figure 3b shows average income of employed residents in each selected borough.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 3a and Figure 3b.

Figure 4a is a photograph of a slate-mining village in North Wales. Figure 4b is a painting of a slate-mining village in North Wales.

[ Grey Shades by Jonas Plosky cannot be reproduced here due to third-party copyright restrictions.]

Using Figure 4a, Figure 4b and your own knowledge, suggest how physical geography contributes to the character of a place.

‘The changing character of a place over time is more effectively represented by statistical and cartographical sources than artistic sources such as painting, poetry and photography.’

With reference to either your local or distant place, critically assess the extent to which you agree with this statement.

Select the correct pair of consequences that result from the development of edge cities.

A Gentrification of inner-city areas Social segregation

B Deindustrialisation
Increased photo-chemical pollution

C Loss of rural habitats
Gentrification of inner-city areas

D Social segregation
Loss of rural habitats

Choose the correct definition for urbanisation from the list below.

A The increasing number of people living in towns and cities

B The increasing proportion of the population living in towns and cities

C The movement of people from inner city areas into the suburbs

D An increase in the number of megacities in a given region

Which of the following describes the process of decentralisation?

A It is now cheaper to manufacture steel in China due to the nearby availability of raw materials and large low-cost supply of labour. This has resulted in the closure of steel plants such as Tata Steel in Redcar.

B In Notting Hill, individuals moved into large slum houses and began to redevelop them. House prices began to rise and landlords, realising they could make a quick profit, sold these houses to private property developers. There are also many boutiques and gastropubs in the area.

C Decline in manufacturing in the UK has led to the rise of the service economy in urban areas. This has occurred due to the increased technology demands of a consumer society. As a result more people work in quaternary-based ICT industries than manufacturing.

D In the UK, the government encouraged the relocation of government agencies and public bodies away from London. Examples include the DVLA relocating to Swansea and the BBC moving to Media City in Salford.

Which of the following is an accurate description of characteristics of the water cycle in an urban area?

A Increased infiltration, increased precipitation, increased baseflow

B Reduced throughflow, decreased surface runoff, reduced precipitation

C Decreased infiltration, increased surface runoff, reduced throughflow

D Decreased surface runoff, decreased infiltration, decreased baseflow

Figure 5a, on the insert, shows a map of Portland, a city in north-west USA. Figure 5b, on the insert, shows the urban heat island effect for Portland in June 2015.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 5a and Figure 5b.

Figures 6a and 6b are images of Vancouver, a city in western Canada. Figure 6c shows the ethnicity of Vancouver residents. Figure 6d shows employment in Vancouver by sector in 2015.

Using Figures 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d and your own knowledge, assess the extent to which you agree that Vancouver is an example of a post-modern western city.

Evaluate the relative importance of strategies used to develop sustainable cities in overcoming environmental problems for one urban area you have studied.

‘Britain’s urban regeneration policies since 1979 have failed to address problems of economic inequality and social segregation. The gap between the richest and the poorest urban residents has widened.’

To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Morbidity can be defined as:

A the prevalence of disease and poor health within a specific area or population

B the number of deaths per 1000 people per year

C the biological age of someone’s body regardless of their chronological age

D a medical condition that is non-infectious and non-transmissible in young people

Which of the following population data would be appropriate to present as a dot map?

A The number of refugees moving from Syria to Greece

B The percentage of residents who live below the poverty line in each region of England

C The distribution of people of Afro-Caribbean origin across London

D The birth rate of each country in Europe

Choose the example from the list below that supports a Malthusian perspective on population growth.

A The Chinese government launched the one-child policy in 1979. Families were fined if they broke the rules. This policy resulted in many families becoming bankrupt but it prevented over 400 million births.

B The development of miracle rice crops in the 1960s such as IR8 in India tripled the yields of rice. This reduced the number of famines despite an increasing population growth rate of over 2% during the 1960s and 1970s.

C The Water Project in Uganda has provided borehole wells and hand pumps to many villages. The use of appropriate technology means that the villages can maintain the wells themselves. As a result, death rates from diseases such as typhoid have fallen.

D In the 1980s there were a series of famines in Ethiopia. These famines occurred as a result of failed harvests due to drought and population pressure. There was also a civil war which prevented the distribution of food aid.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 7a and Figure 7b.

Figure 8 is a newspaper article from The Guardian which discusses food security issues in Ghana.

Using Figure 8 and your own knowledge, evaluate strategies used to ensure food security.

Assess the extent to which population change in one country you have studied fits the demographic transition model.

‘The role of international agencies and NGOs in combating disease will increasingly need to focus on the health impacts resulting from global environmental change.’

To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Which of the following is a correct list of gases that are major contributors to the enhanced greenhouse effect?

A Methane, helium, oxygen

B Methane, hydrogen, hydrofluorocarbons

C Methane, hydrofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide

D Methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen

What is an inferred resource?

A A resource where the quantity and grade can be estimated with confidence using inspection sites that are situated far apart. The economic viability can be confidently assessed and planned for.

B A resource where the grade or quality can only be estimated on the basis of limited geological sampling. There is insufficient data to justify expenditure on exploiting the resource.

C A resource where the quality and grade of the resource can be measured accurately. A preliminary feasibility study indicates that it is economically viable and extraction is justified.

D A resource that has a finite supply. It is economically viable and extraction is justified. Confidence in the supply is measured by wide geological sampling.

Which of the following is an example of a local water conflict?

A In 2015 Islamic State militants fighting in Iraq and Syria shut off and redirected water flows below the Ramadi Dam to enable the militants to cross the Euphrates. As a result, there are water shortages for hundreds of kilometres downstream, affecting thousands of people.

B In 2016, in the Peruvian town of Ocucaje, farmers set fire to plastic water pipes. These pipes were installed by a company that was diverting water 12 km from water wells in Ocucaje to irrigate grapes for export.

C In 2014 Russia took control of the region of Crimea from Ukraine. Russia accused Ukraine of cutting off the water supply in the North Crimea Canal. This led to water shortages for Crimea’s farmers who grew maize, rice and grapes.

D In 2011, the Ethiopian government announced plans to build the ‘Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam’, a $4.1 billion hydroelectric dam on the Blue Nile near the border with Sudan. The potential impact on water supplies, particularly downriver, is a grave concern in Egypt.

Which of the following impacts would not be considered as part of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in relation to resources?

A Dust and particulate matter from mining and vehicle movements

B Future possibilities for the site once the resource is exhausted or the quarry is closed

C Degradation of the landscape

D The economic cost of transporting the ore to the processing site

Figure 9a shows greenhouse gas emissions per capita in selected European countries in 2015. Figure 9b shows the % of electricity generated from renewable sources in selected European countries in 2015. Figure 9c shows the selected countries.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 9a and Figure 9b.

Figure 10a shows a hydro-electric scheme in Scandale Beck, an upland river in the Lake District. Figure 10b shows electricity generation for the scheme in selected months between 2015 and 2017.

MWh = Megawatt-hours, a measure of electricity generation

Using Figure 10a, Figure 10b and your own knowledge, assess the extent to which renewable energy can be used to achieve energy security.

Evaluate the success of strategies used to reduce the demand for water in achieving long-term sustainability.

‘Challenges presented by the physical environment affecting the availability and cost of a resource, will be overcome by future technological and economic developments.’

With reference to a specific place, to what extent do you agree with this statement?