Environment, health and well-being

Outline the concept of the epidemiological transition.

Figure 7a and Figure 7b are in the insert.

Figure 7a shows average dietary energy supply in world regions from 2000 to 2018.

Figure 7b shows the adequacy of food supply in world regions from 2000 to 2018.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 7a and Figure 7b.

Figure 8a and Figure 8b are in the insert.

Figure 8a shows the percentage of girls completing primary school and fertility rate (the number of births per woman) in selected countries in 1980 and 2010.

Figure 8b is an extract from the website of ‘She’s the First’, an NGO which campaigns to promote improved access to education for girls worldwide.

Using Figure 8a, Figure 8b and your own knowledge, assess the view that education is the most significant factor in reducing fertility rates.

Assess the relative importance of factors that have a negative impact on health in a local area that you have studied.

‘Impacts of changes to the carbon cycle will become an increasingly important cause of migration in the future.’

To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Outline the concept of the ‘ecological footprint’.

Figure 7 is in the insert.

Figure 7 shows information about fertility in European Union countries in 2015.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 7.

Figure 8 shows information about rates of lung cancer, smoking rates and mitigation strategies in the UK between 1950 and 2012.

Using Figure 8 and your own knowledge, evaluate the success of mitigation strategies used to reduce the incidence of non-communicable diseases.

To what extent do you agree that some soil problems related to agriculture are easier to manage than others?

Using a case-study of a country/society experiencing population change, assess the relative importance of environmental and socio-economic factors in demographic transition.

Outline why salinisation is a problem for agriculture.

Figure 7 is in the insert.

Figure 7 shows population change in the UK between 2017 and 2018.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 7.

Figure 8 shows some predicted impacts of global climate change.

_{Global annual temperature increase °C (relative to 1980–1999 average)}

Using Figure 8 and your own knowledge, discuss the possible health impacts of global climate change.

To what extent is epidemiological transition the most important influence on the global distribution of a non-communicable disease you have studied?

Assess the relative importance of the physical environment and socio-economic factors in determining the health characteristics of a local area you have studied.

Outline the concept of Malthusian perspectives on population growth.

Figure 6 is in the insert.

Figure 6 shows information about the ecological footprint, Human Development Index (HDI) and Happy Planet Index in selected countries for 2016.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 6.

With reference to two climatic types you have studied, assess the extent to which precipitation influences human activities.

To what extent do you agree that global governance is necessary to ensure food security?

Assess the relative importance of human and physical factors in creating global patterns of health and morbidity.

Outline characteristics of an agricultural system.

Figures 7a, 7b and 7c are in the insert.

Figures 7a and 7b show population pyramids for Cuba in 1980 and 2010.

Figure 7c shows key vital rates for Cuba for selected years.

Analyse population change shown in Figures 7a, 7b and 7c.

Figure 8 shows the relationship between access to improved drinking water and life expectancy for selected countries by income group.

Using Figure 8 and your own knowledge, assess links between water quality and health.

To what extent can economic migrants enable countries to achieve a Demographic Dividend?

‘Current levels of world population growth heading towards a total of 8 billion, along with the impacts of climate change, justify a Malthusian viewpoint.’

To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Outline the relationship between the physical environment and health in a local area you have studied.

Figures 7a and 7b are in the insert.

Figure 7a shows deaths attributed to air pollution by country income groups in 2016.

Figure 7b shows the global distribution of the concentration of PM atmospheric 2.5 pollution in 2016.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 7a and Figure 7b.

Figures 8a, 8b and 8c are in the insert.

Figure 8a shows the number of refugees received by selected European countries from 1 January to 30 June 2015.

Figure 8b shows the rise of anti-immigration parties in selected European countries between 2013 and 2018.

Figure 8c shows placards used at a ‘Refugees welcome here’ march in London held in 2016.

Using Figures 8a, 8b, 8c and your own knowledge, discuss the political implications of international migration.

Assess the relative importance of two zonal soils you have studied in determining human activity such as agriculture.

‘Non-communicable diseases are harder to manage than biologically transmitted diseases.’

With reference to one or more places you have studied, assess the extent to which you agree with this statement.

Which of the following strategies would not increase agricultural productivity?

A A family planning programme introduced into rural areas in Ghana.

B Using better disease management practices on dairy farms in the UK.

C Teaching farmers in the Niger how to build stone contours to trap rain water.

D Harvesting more butternut squash in East Anglia by employing more temporary migrant labour.

Which of the following statements describes a demographic impact of migration?

A In Germany in 2015, fighting broke out in a tented camp for asylum seekers. The fighting occurred between groups of Pakistanis and Albanians. It took police several hours to quell the violence.

B Cornwall is very reliant on EU migrant labourers to work on a temporary basis in agriculture, for example, picking daffodils. These EU migrants boost the local economy by spending in local shops.

C In Poland, since 2011, many economic migrants of child-bearing age have returned from western Europe and there has been a rise in fertility rates to 1.3.

D In Myanmar, Rohingya Muslims are living in refugee camps on the border of Bangladesh. Conditions in the camps are terrible with people suffering from malnutrition and ill health.

What changes occur to a country as it moves from Stage 2 to Stage 3 in the demographic transition model?

A Death rates rise due to a larger proportion of elderly people. Healthcare and technological advancements mean life expectancy rises. Birth rates fall due to improved education.

B Death rates fall due to improved sanitation and greater agricultural productivity. Infant mortality increases due to periods of famine and this causes a corresponding rise in birth rates.

C Life expectancy continues to rise due to better sanitation and healthcare causing a continued fall in death rates. Infant mortality falls due to improved diets, causing a corresponding fall in birth rates.

D Death rates are fairly stationary due to good levels of healthcare. Life expectancy continues to rise due to improved diets. Birth rates fall due to high levels of female education.

Choose a health impact likely to result from ozone depletion.

A Cataracts

B Thermal stress

C Malaria

D Coronary heart disease

Figures 7a, 7b and 7c are in the insert.

Figure 7a shows the global pattern of obesity in 2014. Figure 7b shows the highest ranked countries with diabetes in 1980 and 2014. Figure 7c shows a Spearman’s rank calculation used to study whether there is a relationship between prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the countries shown for 2014.

Analyse the data shown in Figures 7a, 7b and 7c.

Figure 8a shows the population structure for Thailand in 1980, 2010 and 2030 (projected). Figure 8b shows data about Thailand’s economy and population between 1980 and 2015.

Figure 8a

* GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth rate – a measure of how fast the economy is growing.

Using Figures 8a, 8b and your own knowledge, how far do you agree that Thailand has achieved a demographic dividend?

To what extent has globalisation contributed to patterns of population change in a country or society you have studied?

‘As more and more countries exceed their carrying capacity, soil problems will inevitably increase and there is very little that can be done to mitigate this.’

To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Morbidity can be defined as:

A the prevalence of disease and poor health within a specific area or population

B the number of deaths per 1000 people per year

C the biological age of someone’s body regardless of their chronological age

D a medical condition that is non-infectious and non-transmissible in young people

Which of the following population data would be appropriate to present as a dot map?

A The number of refugees moving from Syria to Greece

B The percentage of residents who live below the poverty line in each region of England

C The distribution of people of Afro-Caribbean origin across London

D The birth rate of each country in Europe

Choose the example from the list below that supports a Malthusian perspective on population growth.

A The Chinese government launched the one-child policy in 1979. Families were fined if they broke the rules. This policy resulted in many families becoming bankrupt but it prevented over 400 million births.

B The development of miracle rice crops in the 1960s such as IR8 in India tripled the yields of rice. This reduced the number of famines despite an increasing population growth rate of over 2% during the 1960s and 1970s.

C The Water Project in Uganda has provided borehole wells and hand pumps to many villages. The use of appropriate technology means that the villages can maintain the wells themselves. As a result, death rates from diseases such as typhoid have fallen.

D In the 1980s there were a series of famines in Ethiopia. These famines occurred as a result of failed harvests due to drought and population pressure. There was also a civil war which prevented the distribution of food aid.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 7a and Figure 7b.

Figure 8 is a newspaper article from The Guardian which discusses food security issues in Ghana.

Using Figure 8 and your own knowledge, evaluate strategies used to ensure food security.

Assess the extent to which population change in one country you have studied fits the demographic transition model.

‘The role of international agencies and NGOs in combating disease will increasingly need to focus on the health impacts resulting from global environmental change.’

To what extent do you agree with this statement?