AQA A Level History Breadth Study: The Age of the Crusades, c1071-1204 November 2021 question paper 7042/1A

Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are in relation to the situation in Outremer in the years 1149 to 1174.

‘The consequences of the Byzantine defeat at Manzikert in 1071 were the main factors behind the calling of the First Crusade by Urban II in 1095.’

Assess the validity of this view.

How important was the rise of ideas of jihad to the Islamic response to the Crusader States in the years 1100 to 1144?

‘By 1204 Outremer had failed to recover from the crisis of 1185–1187.’

Assess the validity of this view.