The Age of the Crusades

Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are in relation to the Papacy’s reasons for the calling of the First Crusade.

‘The rise of ideas of jihad was the main threat to Outremer’s stability in the years 1119 to 1144.’

Assess the validity of this view.

To what extent was Outremer reliant upon the Latin West for its survival in the years 1149 to 1174?

‘Poor Latin Christian leadership was the main reason why attempts to strengthen Outremer failed in the years 1177 to 1204.’

Assess the validity of this view.

Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are in relation to the condition of Outremer in the years 1098 to 1118.

‘A desire to increase their own political power was the main reason why Popes called Crusades in the years 1095 to 1146.’

Assess the validity of this view.

‘Relations between Byzantium and Latin Christians were very strong in the years 1143 to 1180.’

Assess the validity of this view.

To what extent did Western interventions strengthen the position of Outremer in the years 1177 to 1204?

Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are in relation to the situation in Outremer by 1187.

‘Western interventions in the Near East were primarily a response to Byzantium’s requests for help in the years 1071 to 1099.’

Assess the validity of this view.

To what extent was Outremer weaker in 1149 than it had been in the 1120s?

‘In the years 1146 to 1174, Nureddin was motivated more by personal ambition than by his religious beliefs.’

Assess the validity of this view.

Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are in relation to the condition of Outremer in the 1120s and 1130s.

To what extent were those taking the Cross, in the years 1096 to 1146, motivated by a desire for economic gain rather than spiritual reward?

‘In the years 1171 to 1193, Saladin was primarily motivated by jihad.’

Assess the validity of this view.

‘The diversion of the Fourth Crusade to Constantinople in 1204 was the result of divisions between the Byzantine Empire and Latin Christians since the Second Crusade.’

Assess the validity of this view.

Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are in relation to the situation in Outremer in the years 1149 to 1174.

‘The consequences of the Byzantine defeat at Manzikert in 1071 were the main factors behind the calling of the First Crusade by Urban II in 1095.’

Assess the validity of this view.

How important was the rise of ideas of jihad to the Islamic response to the Crusader States in the years 1100 to 1144?

‘By 1204 Outremer had failed to recover from the crisis of 1185–1187.’

Assess the validity of this view.

Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are in relation to the rise of Saladin.

‘The main result of the First Crusade was that it increased the power of the Papacy.’

Assess the validity of this view with reference to the years 1088 to c1120.

To what extent was the establishment of Outremer by 1131 due to failures within the Islamic World from 1099?

How important was desire for economic gain in persuading people to take the Cross in the years after the Second Crusade?

Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are in relation to the reasons for the survival of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the years 1099 to 1119.

To what extent was Pope Urban II’s decision to call the First Crusade the result of the Papacy’s desire for supremacy in Europe in the years 1073 to 1095?

To what extent was Outremer weakened by Nureddin in the years 1146 to 1174?

‘Western interventions in the Near East achieved little of significance in the years 1177 to 1204.’

Assess the validity of this view.

Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are in relation to the Islamic response to Outremer in the years 1099 to 1144.

‘The First Crusade strengthened Alexius I’s position as Byzantine Emperor.’

Assess the validity of this view of the reign of Alexius I.

‘Baldwin IV’s problems as king, in the years 1174 to 1185, were mainly the result of events during the reign of his father, Amalric, from 1163.’

Assess the validity of this view.

How significant were the problems faced by Outremer in the years 1185 to 1204?