Edexcel A Level History Paper 1 option: The crusades, c1095-1204 June 2025 question paper 9HI0/1A

How accurate is it to say that the First and Second Crusades were called mainly to serve the political interests of the papacy?

How accurate is it to say that Nur ad-Din made the most significant contribution to the growth of Muslim power in the years 1144–69?

How far do you agree that, in the years 1100–92, the reigns of Baldwin I and Baldwin II were very different from the reigns of those rulers who came after them?

How far do you agree that the failure of the Second Crusade was the main turning point in the fortunes of the crusader states in the years 1100–92?

Study Extracts 1 and 2 in the Extracts Booklet before you answer this question.

In the light of differing interpretations, how convincing do you find the view that the failure of the Fourth Crusade was due to ‘the lack of effective organisation’ [Extract 1, line 10]?

To explain your answer, analyse and evaluate the material in both extracts, using your own knowledge of the issues.