The crusades

How accurate is it to say that the First and Second Crusades were called mainly to serve the political interests of the papacy?

How accurate is it to say that Nur ad-Din made the most significant contribution to the growth of Muslim power in the years 1144–69?

How far do you agree that, in the years 1100–92, the reigns of Baldwin I and Baldwin II were very different from the reigns of those rulers who came after them?

How far do you agree that the failure of the Second Crusade was the main turning point in the fortunes of the crusader states in the years 1100–92?

Study Extracts 1 and 2 in the Extracts Booklet before you answer this question.

In the light of differing interpretations, how convincing do you find the view that the failure of the Fourth Crusade was due to ‘the lack of effective organisation’ [Extract 1, line 10]?

To explain your answer, analyse and evaluate the material in both extracts, using your own knowledge of the issues.

How far do you agree that castle building was the most important feature of Baldwin I’s consolidation of crusader territory in the years 1100–18?

How accurate is it to say that Saladin’s power, in the years 1169–87, came mainly from his control of Egypt?

How accurate is it to say that the main duty of knights, in the years 1095–1192, continued to be the protection of pilgrims?

How far do you agree that Richard I provided the most significant example of effective crusader leadership in the years 1095–1192?

Study Extracts 1 and 2 in the Extracts Booklet before you answer this question.

In the light of differing interpretations, how convincing do you find the view that it is misguided to blame one specific individual for the failure of the Fourth Crusade?

To explain your answer, analyse and evaluate the material in both extracts, using your own knowledge of the issues.

How accurate is it to say that the leadership of the Second Crusade was very different from the leadership of the First Crusade?

How far do you agree that encouragement from the papacy provided the main motive for crusading in the years 1095–1192?

How accurate is it to say that lack of support from Byzantium and Europe was the most significant weakness in the defence of the crusader states in the years 1100–92?

How accurate is it to say that Muslim power was transformed in the years 1095–1144?

Study Extracts 1 and 2 in the Extracts Booklet before you answer this question.

In the light of differing interpretations, how convincing do you find the view that it is wrong to blame the Doge, Enrico Dandolo, for the failure of the Fourth Crusade?

To explain your answer, analyse and evaluate the material in both extracts, using your own knowledge of the issues.

How far do you agree that Saladin was motivated mainly by personal ambition in the years 1169–92?

How far do you agree that Christian enthusiasm to free and hold Jerusalem was the most important factor motivating the First and Second Crusades?

To what extent was the nature of knighthood in the Third Crusade different from the nature of knighthood in the First Crusade?

How far do you agree that, in the years 1100–92, Queen Melisende provided the most significant example of good governance in the crusader states?

Study Extracts 1 and 2 in the Extracts Booklet before you answer this question.

In the light of differing interpretations, how convincing do you find the view that Innocent III’s poor preparations were responsible for the failure of the Fourth Crusade?

To explain your answer, analyse and evaluate the material in both extracts, using your own knowledge of the issues.

How accurate is it to say that European settlement in Outremer was the most important consequence of the First Crusade in the years 1100–44?

How far do you agree that the unification of Syria by Nur ad-Din was the most significant reason for Muslim military success in the years 1146 – 69?

How accurate is it to say that the military orders were the most significant factor in the defence of the crusader states in the years 1144–92?

How far do you agree that the motives of crusade leaders changed little in the years 1095–1192?

Study Extracts 1 and 2 in the Extracts Booklet before you answer this question.

In the light of differing interpretations, how convincing do you find the view that the Fourth Crusade was undermined by the Venetian aim of ‘conquest for profit’? (Extract 1, line 12)

To explain your answer, analyse and evaluate the material in both extracts, using your own knowledge of the issues.

How accurate is it to say that papal political ambition was the most significant reason for calling the First and Second Crusades?

How accurate is it to say that papal political ambition was the most significant reason for calling the First and Second Crusades?

How far do you agree that Muslim victories, in the years 1146–87, happened because divisions between Muslims were largely overcome?

How far do you agree that Muslim victories, in the years 1146–87, happened because divisions between Muslims were largely overcome?

To what extent was the accession of Baldwin IV in 1174 a turning point in the government of the crusader states?

To what extent was the accession of Baldwin IV in 1174 a turning point in the government of the crusader states?

How far do you agree that trade between Muslims and Christians was the most significant feature of the economy of the crusader states in the years 1100–87?

How far do you agree that trade between Muslims and Christians was the most significant feature of the economy of the crusader states in the years 1100–87?

Study Extracts 1 and 2 in the Extracts Booklet before you answer this question.

In the light of differing interpretations, how convincing do you find the view that the Fourth Crusade failed due to a ‘chain of unfortunate circumstances’ [Extract 1, line 3]?

To explain your answer, analyse and evaluate the material in both extracts, using your own knowledge of the issues.

Study Extracts 1 and 2 in the Extracts Booklet before you answer this question.

In the light of differing interpretations, how convincing do you find the view that the Fourth Crusade failed due to a ‘chain of unfortunate circumstances’ [Extract 1, line 3]?

To explain your answer, analyse and evaluate the material in both extracts, using your own knowledge of the issues.

Was religious belief the most significant factor in the conquest and consolidation of the crusader states in the years 1095-1118?

How far do you agree that the leadership of Saladin was substantially different from that of his European opponents in the years 1169-92?

How far do you agree that trade between Muslims and Christians was the most significant reason for the survival of Outremer in the years 1118-92?

How far do you agree that the Second Crusade was a turning point in the government of Outremer in the years 1118-92?

Study Extracts 1 and 2 in the Extracts Booklet before you answer this question.

In the light of differing interpretations, how convincing do you find the view that the sacking of Constantinople was the result of accidents for which no one should be blamed?

To explain your answer, analyse and evaluate the material in both extracts, using your own knowledge of the issues.

How accurate is it to say that the rule of Baldwin I was significantly different from that of Baldwin II in the years 1100–31?

How far do you agree that the main consequence of the failure of the Second Crusade was limited European support for the crusader states in the years 1149–92?

How accurate is it to say that the religious enthusiasm of Nur and Saladin was the most important reason for increased Muslim unity in the years 1146–92?

How far do you agree that the motives for crusading changed in the years 1095–1192?

Study Extracts 1 and 2 in the Extracts Booklet before you answer this question.

In the light of differing interpretations, how convincing do you find the view that the Fourth Crusade was diverted to Constantinople due to the limited abilities of the crusader leaders?

To explain your answer, analyse and evaluate the material in both extracts, using your own knowledge of the issues.

How similar were the reasons for launching the First and Second Crusades?

How accurate is it to say that the decline of the crusader states was primarily due to the quality of Saladin’s leadership in the years 1169–87?

How significant were chivalric values for the participation of knights in the Second and Third Crusades?

How far do you agree that control over the seaports of Outremer was the most significant factor in the governance of the crusader states in the years 1100–87?

Study Extracts 1 and 2 in the Extracts Booklet before you answer this question.

In the light of differing interpretations, how convincing do you find the view that the Fourth Crusade failed because Innocent III was ‘too confident in his abilities’ (Extract 1, line 1)?

To explain your answer, analyse and evaluate the material in both extracts, using your own knowledge of the issues.