Immunisation

Bacteria cause many diseases in humans.

Which term describes a pathogen?

In the UK, most children are immunised against serious infections such as measles.

Give two advantages of immunising children against measles.

Humans have physical barriers to prevent bacterial infections.

Name two of these physical barriers.

State the chemical in the stomach that destroys bacteria.

*(c) Many food crops are damaged by pests.

Some farmers use insects for the biological control of plant pests.

Figure 14 shows a ladybird which can be used for biological control.

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of biological control.

Malaria is a disease that causes damage to the blood and liver.

Which type of pathogen causes malaria?

State how the pathogen that causes malaria is spread.

Measles is a disease caused by a virus.

Figure 4 shows the number of measles cases reported in England and Wales from 1985 to 2015.

Explain one conclusion that can be made about the change in the number of measles cases reported from 1985 to 2015.

Describe two ways the immune system will respond to an infection by a pathogen.

Beriberi is a disease caused by a lack of vitamin B1 in the diet.

Give one reason why beriberi is classed as a non‑communicable disease.

Clostridium tetani is a bacterium that can be found in soil.

It causes the infection tetanus.

Children are vaccinated against tetanus.

Explain why these children do not get tetanus if the bacteria enter their body through a cut in the skin.

Colistin is an antibiotic used to treat infections in the bloodstream.

Some bacteria are resistant to Colistin.

Explain how these bacteria have become resistant to Colistin.

*(c) Figure 15 shows three stone tools found in different layers of rock.

Explain how information from Figure 15 provides evidence for human evolution.

Clostridium tetani is a bacterium that can be found in soil.

It causes the infection tetanus.

Children are vaccinated against tetanus.

Explain why these children do not get tetanus if the bacteria enter their body through a cut in the skin.

Colistin is an antibiotic used to treat infections in the bloodstream.

Some bacteria are resistant to Colistin.

Explain how these bacteria have become resistant to Colistin.

Measles is a disease caused by a virus.

Describe the lytic pathway for a virus.

A measles infection can cause inflammation of the brain.

Figure 11 shows a brain.

Name the part of the brain labelled X.

The death rate from measles is 0.15%.

In 2015, 134 250 people died from measles.

Calculate the number of people infected with measles in 2015.

Give your answer in standard form.

Measles is prevented by immunisation.

State two reasons why people might not be immunised against measles.

The spread of measles is prevented by herd immunity.

Describe herd immunity.