Reducing the use of resources

Humans use many different resources.

Water is an important natural resource.

What is meant by ‘potable water’?

Tick () one box.

Waste water needs treatment before the water is put back into rivers and the sea.

The first stage of waste water treatment is to pass the waste water through metal grids.

Why is the waste water passed through metal grids?

Tick () one box.

Clothes can be made from different materials.

Some clothes are made from wool and some clothes are made from poly(propene).

One sheep produces 4.5 kg of wool.

50 g of wool is needed to make a hat.

Calculate the number of hats that can be made from the wool of one sheep.

1 kg = 1000 g

Table 4 gives information about poly(propene) and wool.

Explain the advantages of using poly(propene) and of using wool for clothing.

After being used, clothes can be:

• given to other people to wear

• used to make insulation blocks for buildings.

Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

When clothes are given to other people to wear,

When clothes are used to make insulation blocks for buildings,

Poly(propene) is made from an alkene.

Alkenes are produced by cracking alkanes.

A high temperature is used for cracking alkanes.

Which two of the following can also be used to crack alkanes?

Tick () two boxes.

Which chemical is used to test for alkenes?

Tick () one box.

Life cycle assessments (LCAs) are used to assess the environmental impact of different products.

212 million kilograms of aluminium is used for packaging in the UK each year.

68.0% of aluminium packaging is recycled.

Calculate the mass of aluminium packaging that is recycled in the UK each year.

Drinks cans are made from aluminium.

An aluminium can has a mass of 15.8 g.

1000 g = 1 kg

Calculate the whole number of aluminium cans that can be made from 4.00 kg of aluminium.

Table 5 shows three methods used to dispose of wood and steel after use.

Evaluate the sustainability of the disposal of wood and steel.

The Earth’s atmosphere is always changing.

Gases in the Earth’s early atmosphere caused changes on the Earth. Draw one line from each change to the gas that caused the change.

Gas that caused the Change change

Table 1 shows the percentage of some gases in the atmospheres of Earth and Mars today.

Which gas has the highest percentage in the Earth’s atmosphere?

Calculate how many times more carbon dioxide there is in the atmosphere of Mars than in the atmosphere of Earth. Use Table 1. Give your answer in standard form.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

Figure 1 shows the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere from 1960 to 2020.

How has the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere changed from 1960 to 2020? Tick (✓) one box.

Cars emit carbon dioxide. A car emits 17.2 kg of carbon dioxide on a journey. There are four people in the car. Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide emitted per person.

Planting trees helps to reduce climate change, because trees use carbon dioxide from the Earth’s atmosphere. Name the process in trees which uses carbon dioxide.

Figure 2 shows the annual change in forest area in four different parts of the world.

Give two conclusions about the annual change in forest area.

Methane is a greenhouse gas. Figure 3 shows sources of methane emissions.

Determine the percentage (%) of methane emissions from landfill.

Figure 4 shows two ways (A and B) of preventing used items going to landfill.

Name A and B. Choose answers from the box.

Industries use the Earth’s resources to produce useful products.

Figure 4 shows the world population and the world production of copper between 1900 and 2020.

How does the change in the world population compare with the world production of copper?

Tick (✓) one box.

Copper is produced from copper ore and from recycling waste copper.

The energy needed to produce 1 kg of copper from copper ore is 70 MJ. The energy needed to produce 1 kg of recycled copper is 27 MJ. Calculate the energy saved if 100 kg of copper is produced from recycled copper and not from copper ore.

Producing copper from recycling waste copper reduces emissions of sulfur dioxide. Why is reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide important?

Copper is used to make coins. A coin of mass 8 g contains 75% copper. Calculate the mass of copper in the coin.

Iron and glass are both produced from the Earth’s resources. Some processes can reduce the use of limited resources. Draw one line from the description of the process to the name of the process. Description of process Name of process

Life cycle assessments are used to assess the environmental impact of producing iron nails and glass bottles. There are four stages, A, B, C and D, in a life cycle assessment. The stages are not in the correct order.

Stage A Disposal Stage B Extracting and processing raw materials Stage C Manufacturing and packaging Stage D Use and operation

What is the correct order of stages A, B, C, and D ? Tick (✓) one box.

Industries use the Earth’s natural copper resources to produce useful products.

Figure 4 shows the world production of copper from 1900 to 2020.

Describe the trend shown by the graph in Figure 4.

Suggest one reason for the trend in Figure 4.

Suggest one reason why the trend cannot be used to accurately predict the future world production of copper.

High-grade copper resources are now difficult to find.

Phytomining is used to extract copper from low-grade ores.

There are five stages, A, B, C, D and E, in phytomining.

The stages are not in the correct order.

Stage A Copper compounds from ash are dissolved in acid.

Stage B Plants absorb metal compounds.

Stage C Plants are burned.

Stage D Plants are harvested.

Stage E Solution of copper compound is electrolysed.

What is the correct order of stages A, B, C, D, and E ?

Tick (✓) one box.

Give two disadvantages of phytomining compared with traditional mining methods.

Do not refer to cost in your answer.

In one year, 8.89 × 10⁹ kg of copper was produced.

41.0% of this copper was produced from recycled copper.

The energy needed to produce 1 kg of copper from copper ore is 70.4 MJ.

The energy needed to produce 1 kg of recycled copper is 27.2 MJ.

Calculate the difference in energy used if all the copper was produced from recycling.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.