Using the Earth's resources & sustainable development

Humans use many different resources.

Water is an important natural resource.

What is meant by ‘potable water’?

Tick () one box.

Waste water needs treatment before the water is put back into rivers and the sea.

The first stage of waste water treatment is to pass the waste water through metal grids.

Why is the waste water passed through metal grids?

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Clothes can be made from different materials.

Some clothes are made from wool and some clothes are made from poly(propene).

One sheep produces 4.5 kg of wool.

50 g of wool is needed to make a hat.

Calculate the number of hats that can be made from the wool of one sheep.

1 kg = 1000 g

Table 4 gives information about poly(propene) and wool.

Explain the advantages of using poly(propene) and of using wool for clothing.

After being used, clothes can be:

• given to other people to wear

• used to make insulation blocks for buildings.

Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

When clothes are given to other people to wear,

When clothes are used to make insulation blocks for buildings,

Poly(propene) is made from an alkene.

Alkenes are produced by cracking alkanes.

A high temperature is used for cracking alkanes.

Which two of the following can also be used to crack alkanes?

Tick () two boxes.

Which chemical is used to test for alkenes?

Tick () one box.

This question is about fuels.

Coal deposits were formed from the remains of trees.

Name the process in the leaves of trees that uses carbon dioxide.

How is coal formed after trees die?

Tick (✓) one box.

Coal contains small amounts of sulfur.

Name the gas produced when sulfur burns in oxygen.

Give two problems caused by the gas produced when sulfur burns in oxygen.

Figure 4 shows the relative amount of electricity generated from different fuel sources in the UK from 2012 to 2018.

Describe what happens to the amounts of fuels used to generate electricity in the UK from 2012 to 2018.

Cars cause atmospheric pollution.

Figure 2 shows the percentage of cars in the UK using different energy sources.

The percentage of cars using petrol is 54%. Draw the bar for petrol on Figure 2.

Some car emissions contain nitrogen dioxide.

Table 1 shows the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the air in three different areas for 1 week.

Which column of data has the greatest range? Tick (✓) one box.

Explain why the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the air is lower on Sunday.

Calculate the mean value for the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the air in the city centre for the days from Monday to Friday. Use Table 1.

Nitrogen dioxide is removed from car emissions by catalytic converters.

Which two of the following are correct statements about catalysts? Tick (✓) two boxes.

The catalyst in catalytic converters contains platinum. Platinum is an unreactive metal obtained from the Earth’s crust. Complete the sentence. Choose the answer from the box.

Platinum is a.

Emissions from cars that burn fossil fuels contain carbon dioxide. What is used to test for carbon dioxide? Tick (✓) one box.

Industries use the Earth’s resources to produce useful products.

Figure 4 shows the world population and the world production of copper between 1900 and 2020.

How does the change in the world population compare with the world production of copper?

Tick (✓) one box.

Copper is produced from copper ore and from recycling waste copper.

The energy needed to produce 1 kg of copper from copper ore is 70 MJ. The energy needed to produce 1 kg of recycled copper is 27 MJ. Calculate the energy saved if 100 kg of copper is produced from recycled copper and not from copper ore.

Producing copper from recycling waste copper reduces emissions of sulfur dioxide. Why is reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide important?

Copper is used to make coins. A coin of mass 8 g contains 75% copper. Calculate the mass of copper in the coin.

Iron and glass are both produced from the Earth’s resources. Some processes can reduce the use of limited resources. Draw one line from the description of the process to the name of the process. Description of process Name of process

Life cycle assessments are used to assess the environmental impact of producing iron nails and glass bottles. There are four stages, A, B, C and D, in a life cycle assessment. The stages are not in the correct order.

Stage A Disposal Stage B Extracting and processing raw materials Stage C Manufacturing and packaging Stage D Use and operation

What is the correct order of stages A, B, C, and D ? Tick (✓) one box.

Industries use the Earth’s natural copper resources to produce useful products.

Figure 4 shows the world production of copper from 1900 to 2020.

Describe the trend shown by the graph in Figure 4.

Suggest one reason for the trend in Figure 4.

Suggest one reason why the trend cannot be used to accurately predict the future world production of copper.

High-grade copper resources are now difficult to find.

Phytomining is used to extract copper from low-grade ores.

There are five stages, A, B, C, D and E, in phytomining.

The stages are not in the correct order.

Stage A Copper compounds from ash are dissolved in acid.

Stage B Plants absorb metal compounds.

Stage C Plants are burned.

Stage D Plants are harvested.

Stage E Solution of copper compound is electrolysed.

What is the correct order of stages A, B, C, D, and E ?

Tick (✓) one box.

Give two disadvantages of phytomining compared with traditional mining methods.

Do not refer to cost in your answer.

In one year, 8.89 × 10⁹ kg of copper was produced.

41.0% of this copper was produced from recycled copper.

The energy needed to produce 1 kg of copper from copper ore is 70.4 MJ.

The energy needed to produce 1 kg of recycled copper is 27.2 MJ.

Calculate the difference in energy used if all the copper was produced from recycling.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Atmospheric pollution is emitted by cars.

Some car emissions contain nitrogen dioxide.

Describe how nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is produced in the engine of a car that burns fossil fuels.

Table 3 shows the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the air in three different areas for 1 week.

The mean value for nitrogen dioxide in the air for the whole week in the city centre

Calculate the value (X) for the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the air in the city centre on Sunday.

Each value in Table 3 has an uncertainty of ± 2 micrograms per m³.

Explain why this uncertainty is most significant for countryside data.

Nitrogen dioxide is removed from car emissions by catalytic converters.

In a catalytic converter nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) reacts to produce nitrogen and oxygen.

Complete the equation for the reaction.

You should balance the equation.

The catalyst in a catalytic converter contains platinum.

Platinum is a finite resource.

What is meant by a ‘finite resource’?

Emissions from cars contain carbon dioxide.

Explain why carbon dioxide emissions during use and operation are not the total carbon footprint for a car.

Refer to the stages of the life cycle assessment of a car in your answer.

Large hydrocarbon molecules can be cracked to produce smaller, more useful molecules.

Alkanes and alkenes are produced when hydrocarbons are cracked.

Give two conditions used for cracking.

Butane (C₄H₁₀) is an alkane.

Figure 5 shows part of the displayed structural formula of butane.

Complete the displayed structural formula of butane in Figure 5.

Butane burns in oxygen.

Complete the word equation for the complete combustion of butane.

Ethene is an alkene.

Give a test for alkenes.

Give the result of the test if an alkene is present.

Each year many tonnes of crude oil are extracted from the Earth.

It took millions of years for the crude oil to be formed.

What do we call development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the resources for future generations?

Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 6 shows the percentage by mass of some metals in the Earth’s crust.

What is the percentage by mass of calcium in the Earth’s crust?

Tick (✓) one box.

The percentage by mass of magnesium in the Earth’s crust is 2.1%

Draw the bar for magnesium on Figure 6.

Copper sulfate is produced during the extraction of copper from the Earth’s crust.

Copper is produced from copper sulfate solution using iron.

The word equation for the reaction is:

copper sulfate + iron → iron sulfate + copper

From the equation a company calculated that 648 kg of copper sulfate are needed to produce 617 kg of iron sulfate and 258 kg of copper.

Calculate the mass of iron needed to make 258 kg of copper.

Copper is used as a catalyst.

Figure 7 shows the reaction profile for a reaction without a catalyst.

Draw an arrow on Figure 7 to show the activation energy.

The reaction profile for the reaction without a catalyst is shown again in Figure 8.

Draw a reaction profile on Figure 8 for the same reaction with a catalyst.

What are catalysts in biological systems called?

Tick (✓) one box.

This question is about copper and fuels.

Copper is extracted from low-grade ores by phytomining. Describe how copper metal is produced by phytomining.

Another method of extracting copper from low-grade ores is bioleaching. A solution of copper sulfate (CuSO₄) produced by bioleaching has a

Relative atomic masses (A_r): Cu = 63.5 O = 16 S = 32 Calculate the number of moles of copper that can be produced from 1 dm³ of this solution.

Copper is used as a catalyst. Figure 1 shows reaction profiles for a reaction with and without a catalyst.

How do the reaction profiles show that using a catalyst does not affect the overall energy change for the reaction?

Tick (✓) one box.

Copper is a catalyst in a reaction to produce ethanol from carbon dioxide. Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) is used as a fuel. Suggest why producing ethanol from carbon dioxide is sustainable.

Chemistry plays an important role in sustainable development. What is sustainable development?

What percentage of the Earth’s atmosphere is nitrogen?

Tick one box.

During the first billion years of the Earth’s existence the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere increased.

Give one source of this nitrogen.

Nitrogen is used to make ammonia.

The word equation for the reaction is:

Write the correct symbol in the equation to show that it is a reversible reaction.

A reversible reaction can reach equilibrium.

Complete the sentence.

Equilibrium is reached when the forward reaction and the reverse reaction happen at

Fertilisers are formulations containing nitrogen.

What is a formulation?

Table 4 shows percentages of chemical elements in a fertiliser.

Draw the bar for potassium on Figure 8

Use the information in Table 4

A fertiliser contains 0.225 g of iron per 3.0 g of fertiliser.

Which calculation gives the percentage of iron in the fertiliser?

Tick one box.

Figure 9 shows the use of fertiliser in four different countries, A, B, C and D, in 2003 and 2015

A student said:

‘ much more fertiliser was used in 2015 than in 2003’

Is the student correct?

Use data from Figure 9 to justify your answer.