The three states of matter

This question is about hydrogen chloride (HC l) and hydrogen chlorate (HOC l).

Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen chlorate both form acids when dissolved in water.

Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water to form hydrochloric acid.

Give the state symbols for:

• hydrogen chloride

• water

• hydrochloric acid.

A solution of hydrochloric acid has:

• a concentration of H⁺ ions of 3.16 × 10⁻³ mol/dm³.

What is the concentration of H⁺ ions in a solution of hydrochloric acid that has a pH of 3.5?

Figure 5 shows the outer shells in one molecule of hydrogen chlorate (HOC l).

Complete the dot and cross diagram to show the electrons in the outer shells.

Figure 5

Hydrogen chlorate dissolves in water to form a weak acid.

Explain why a weak acid has a higher pH than a strong acid of the same concentration.

Hydrogen chloride is produced in the reaction between methane and chlorine.

Figure 6 represents the equation for the reaction.

Table 4 shows the bond energies.

Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction.

All substances are made from atoms.

Figure 1 represents a beryllium atom.

What is the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the beryllium atom?

Figure 2 represents a beryllium ion.

What is the relative charge on a beryllium ion? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 3 shows the arrangement of atoms in the three states of matter.

What state of matter is represented by state C in Figure 3 ? Tick (✓) one box.

What is the name of the process when state B changes into state A ?

Tick (✓) one box.

How can state B be changed into state C ?

Experimental evidence led to the scientific model of the atom changing over time.

Figure 4 shows three models for the atom.

Tick (✓) one box.

Complete the sentence. Choose the answer from the box.

The existence of neutrons was discovered by

This question is about carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and forms an acidic solution.

Which ion makes the solution acidic?

Name an indicator that could be used to test if the solution is acidic. Give the result of the test.

Figure 14 shows the mass of carbon dioxide that will dissolve in 1 dm³ of water

at different temperatures.

How does the solubility of carbon dioxide change as the temperature of the

Tick (✓) one box.

Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form an acidic solution. How does the pH of the solution change as the temperature of the water increases?

Tick (✓) one box.

Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. The equation for the reaction is:

What is the state symbol (x) in the equation? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 15 shows equipment a student used for an investigation.

The student investigated the volume of carbon dioxide produced when different

masses of calcium carbonate react with hydrochloric acid. Describe a method the student could use.

This question is about carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and forms an acidic solution.

Which ion makes the solution acidic?

Name an indicator that could be used to test if the solution is acidic. Give the result of the test.

Figure 1 shows the mass of carbon dioxide that will dissolve in 1 dm³ of water

at different temperatures.

How does the solubility of carbon dioxide change as the temperature of the

Tick (✓) one box.

Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form an acidic solution. How does the pH of the solution change as the temperature of the water increases?

Tick (✓) one box.

Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. The equation for the reaction is:

What is the state symbol (x) in the equation? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 2 shows equipment a student used for an investigation.

The student investigated the volume of carbon dioxide produced when different

masses of calcium carbonate react with hydrochloric acid. Describe a method the student could use.

This question is about Group 1 elements.

What are the Group 1 elements known as? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 1 shows a lithium atom.

What is the number of electrons and neutrons in the atom of lithium?

What is the relative charge on a lithium ion? Tick (✓) one box.

Lithium is heated and then cooled in an experiment.

Two physical changes happen in the experiment. Draw one line from each stage to the physical change that happens in that stage.

Figure 2 represents the melting points of some Group 1 elements.

Figure 2

What is the melting point of caesium? Use Figure 2.

The melting point of potassium is 63 °C Draw a bar for the melting point of potassium on Figure 2.

Describe the trend of the melting points of the Group 1 elements in Figure 2.

The boiling point of sodium is 883 °C What is the state of sodium at 150 °C? Use Figure 2. Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 3 represents the electronic structure of a sodium atom and of a potassium atom.

Complete the sentence. Choose the answer from the box.

Potassium is more reactive than sodium because potassium more

Sodium and potassium are Group 1 elements.

What is the name of Group 1 elements? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 5 represents the melting points of Group 1 elements.

What is the melting point of sodium?

Sodium reacts with water to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. Balance the equation for the reaction.

Calculate the relative formula mass (M_r) of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Relative atomic masses (A_r): H = 1 O = 16 Na = 23

Sodium and potassium both react with water. Figure 6 shows sodium reacting with water.

Compare what is seen when sodium reacts with water and when potassium reacts with water.

Acids react to produce salts. Universal indicator is added to water and then nitric acid is added to the mixture.

Give the colour change when nitric acid is added to the mixture of universal indicator and water. Tick (✓) one box.

What happens to the pH of water when nitric acid is added? Tick (✓) one box.

What is the state symbol for nitric acid?

Zinc carbonate reacts with nitric acid.

The word equation for the reaction is: zinc carbonate + nitric acid → zinc nitrate + water + carbon dioxide white solid colourless solution

Give two observations that would be made when zinc carbonate is added to nitric acid until the zinc carbonate is in excess.

The formula of the zinc ion is Zn²⁺ The formula of the nitrate ion is NO₃^– What is the formula for zinc nitrate? Tick (✓) one box.

Acids react with insoluble metal oxides to produce salts. Plan a method to produce a pure, dry sample of the soluble salt copper chloride from an acid and a metal oxide.

Acids react to produce salts. Universal indicator is added to water and then nitric acid is added to the mixture.

Give the colour change when nitric acid is added to the mixture of universal indicator and water. Tick (✓) one box.

What happens to the pH of water when nitric acid is added? Tick (✓) one box.

What is the state symbol for nitric acid?

Zinc carbonate reacts with nitric acid.

The word equation for the reaction is: zinc carbonate + nitric acid → zinc nitrate + water + carbon dioxide white solid colourless solution

Give two observations that would be made when zinc carbonate is added to nitric acid until the zinc carbonate is in excess.

The formula of the zinc ion is Zn²⁺ The formula of the nitrate ion is NO₃^– What is the formula for zinc nitrate? Tick (✓) one box.

Acids react with insoluble metal oxides to produce salts. Plan a method to produce a pure, dry sample of the soluble salt copper chloride from an acid and a metal oxide.

This question is about elements in the periodic table.

What property was used to arrange elements in early periodic tables? Tick (✓) one box.

In early periodic tables, iodine (I) was placed before tellurium (Te). Mendeleev placed iodine after tellurium. Figure 7 shows part of Mendeleev’s periodic table.

Suggest one reason why Mendeleev placed iodine in the column shown in Figure 7.

Table 3 shows the melting points of three Group 1 metals.

What state is lithium at 100 °C? Use Table 3. Tick (✓) one box.

Complete the graph in Figure 8. Use Table 3. You should:

• complete the scale on the y-axis

• draw bars to show the melting points of sodium and potassium.

Figure 8

Lithium reacts with chlorine to produce lithium chloride. Figure 9 shows what happens to the electrons in the outer shells when a lithium atom reacts with a chlorine atom. The dots (o) and crosses (x) represent electrons.

Describe what happens to a lithium atom and to a chlorine atom when they react. Use Figure 9 to answer in terms of electrons.

Lithium and potassium are in the same group of the periodic table. Figure 10 represents the electronic structures of a lithium atom and of a potassium atom.

Give two reasons why potassium is more reactive than lithium.

This question is about acids, alkalis and bases. A student reacted zinc oxide powder with hydrochloric acid to produce zinc chloride solution.

Complete the equation for the reaction by writing the state symbols.

Give one way that the student could speed up the reaction between zinc oxide powder and hydrochloric acid.

Hydrochloric acid was the limiting reactant.

How could the student know when all the hydrochloric acid has reacted?

How could the student obtain zinc chloride solution from the reaction mixture when all the hydrochloric acid has reacted?

Describe how zinc chloride crystals are produced from zinc chloride solution.

Sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide react to produce sodium sulfate.

Sulfuric acid is gradually added to sodium hydroxide solution. The pH of the mixture changes as the sulfuric acid is added until in excess. Suggest the pH at:

• the start before sulfuric acid is added

• the end when sulfuric acid is in excess.

Complete the symbol equation for the preparation of sodium sulfate. You should balance the equation.

A solution of hydrochloric acid had a hydrogen ion concentration of 1.0 mol/dm³ Water was added to the hydrochloric acid until the pH increased by 1 What was the hydrogen ion concentration of the hydrochloric acid after water had been added? Tick (✓) one box.

This question is about oxygen and compounds of oxygen.

What is the state symbol of oxygen at room temperature?

Figure 4 shows the percentage by mass of the elements calcium, carbon and oxygen in calcium carbonate.

What is the percentage by mass of calcium in calcium carbonate?

At high temperature, sodium nitrate decomposes into sodium nitrite and oxygen. A student heats three samples of sodium nitrate. The mass of each sample was 4.50 g The mass of solid after heating was recorded. Table 2 shows the mass of solid after heating in each experiment.

Calculate the mean mass of solid after heating. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Table 3 shows the electronic structure of hydrogen and oxygen.

Figure 5 shows part of a dot and cross diagram of a molecule of water (H₂O). Complete the dot and cross diagram. You should show only the electrons in the outer energy levels.

Oxygen and sulfur are examples of simple molecules.

Complete the sentence. Choose the answer from the box.

Figure 6 shows the relative sizes of an oxygen molecule and a sulfur molecule.

How does the boiling point of sulfur compare with the boiling point of oxygen? Complete the sentences.

than the intermolecular forces in oxygen.

This question is about salts. Ammonium nitrate solution is produced when ammonia gas reacts with nitric acid.

Give the state symbol for ammonium nitrate solution.

What is the formula of nitric acid? Tick (✓) one box.

Ammonia gas dissolves in water to produce ammonia solution. Ammonia solution contains hydroxide ions, OH^– A student adds universal indicator to solutions of nitric acid and ammonia. What colour is observed in each solution?

Colour in nitric acid Colour in ammonia solution

The student gradually added nitric acid to ammonia solution. Which row, A, B, C or D, shows the change in pH as the nitric acid is

Calculate the percentage by mass of oxygen in ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃). Relative atomic masses (A_r): H = 1 N = 14 O = 16 Relative formula mass (M_r): NH₄NO₃ = 80

Describe a method to investigate how the temperature changes when different masses of ammonium nitrate are dissolved in water. You do not need to write about safety precautions.

This question is about salts. Ammonium nitrate solution is produced when ammonia gas reacts with nitric acid.

Give the state symbol for ammonium nitrate solution.

What is the formula of nitric acid? Tick (✓) one box.

Ammonia gas dissolves in water to produce ammonia solution. Ammonia solution contains hydroxide ions, OH^– A student adds universal indicator to solutions of nitric acid and ammonia. What colour is observed in each solution?

Colour in nitric acid Colour in ammonia solution

The student gradually added nitric acid to ammonia solution. Which row, A, B, C or D, shows the change in pH as the nitric acid is

Calculate the percentage by mass of oxygen in ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃). Relative atomic masses (A_r): H = 1 N = 14 O = 16 Relative formula mass (M_r): NH₄NO₃ = 80

Describe a method to investigate how the temperature changes when different masses of ammonium nitrate are dissolved in water. You do not need to write about safety precautions.

This question is about acids and bases.

Which ion is found in all acids? Tick one box.

Zinc nitrate can be produced by reacting an acid and a metal oxide. Name the acid and the metal oxide used to produce zinc nitrate.

In an equation, zinc nitrate is written as Zn(NO₃)₂(aq). What does (aq) mean? Tick one box.

The pH of a solution is 8 Some hydrochloric acid is added to the solution. Suggest the pH of the solution after mixing.

Table 2 shows the solubility of three solids in water at room temperature.

A teacher labelled these three solids A, B and C. She gave a student the information shown in Table 3

Describe a method that could be used to identify each of the three solids A, B and C. You must use an indicator in the method. Use information in Table 2 and Table 3

This question is about the halogens.

Write the state symbol for chlorine at room temperature.

Figure 4 represents one molecule of fluorine. Complete the dot and cross diagram on Figure 4 You should show only the electrons in the outer shells.

19 A fluorine atom can be represented as 9 F What is the total number of electrons in a fluorine molecule (F₂)? Tick one box.

Aluminium reacts with bromine to produce aluminium bromide. Complete the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

When chlorine reacts with potassium bromide, chlorine displaces bromine.

Explain why chlorine is more reactive than bromine.