Identify one important trading town within the Viking homelands in c.750.
[1]
Identify one Anglo-Saxon kingdom that became part of the Danelaw.
[1]
Give one reason for Svein Forkbeard’s attacks on England.
[1]
Write a clear and organised summary that analyses the role of gods in Viking society.
Support your summary with examples.
[9]
What impact did the settlement of Volga Vikings have in eastern Europe?
Explain your answer.
[10]
4* ‘The Vikings were successful in attacking western Europe between 793 and 879 because of the quality of their ships.’
How far do you agree?
Give reasons for your answer.
[18]
5* How far do you agree that Viking settlers transformed the places they settled in western Europe?
Give reasons for your answer.
[18]
What can Source A tell us about the power of the papacy?
Use the source and your own knowledge to support your answer.
Source A
Extracts from the ‘Dictatus Papae’. It was a document published by Pope Gregory VII in 1075. The document was sent to Church leaders and the rulers of Christian countries.
The Roman Church was founded solely by God.
Only the Pope can depose or reinstate bishops.
All princes shall kiss the feet of the Pope and no other.
It may be permitted for the Pope to depose emperors.
No chapter and no book shall be considered the official belief of the Church unless this is done with the Pope’s authority.
The Roman Church has never been wrong. Nor will it be wrong, to all eternity— this is written in our Holy Scripture.
Anyone who opposes the views of the Roman Church shall not be considered ‘Catholic’.
The Pope may free subjects from their duty and loyalty to wicked men.
[7]
How useful are Sources B and C and Interpretation D for a historian studying the Battle of Dorylaeum (July 1097)?
In your answer, refer to the two sources and the interpretation as well as your own knowledge.
Source B
An extract from ‘The Gesta Francorum’ (The Deeds of the Franks). The Gesta Francorum, written around 1100, was an account of the First Crusade. The author is unknown but it was probably a Norman or Italian knight. This extract from the Gesta describes part of the Battle of Dorylaeum.
The Turks made a violent attack, all of them shouting and crying so that they made a devilish sound. When the wise Bohemond saw the huge number of Turks, he spoke to all the soldiers: ‘My lords and strongest of Christ’s soldiers! A difficult battle is now building up around us. Let everyone advance against them courageously.’
By this time, the Turks had already surrounded us on all sides. They attacked us, slashing, hurling, and shooting arrows far and wide, in a manner strange to see. Although we could barely hold them back, we managed to stand our ground.
The wise Bohemond commanded all the rest of Christ’s soldiers to make speed and to march quickly to the battle scene. The strong and courageous Duke Godfrey and Hugh of France both came with their forces. The Bishop of Le Puy followed with his troops, and the Count of St-Gilles with a large force came after him.
Source C
An extract from an account of the First Crusade by Fulcher of Chartres. The author was a French Crusader. His account was written in the early 1100s. This extract describes part of the Battle of Dorylaeum.
We were all indeed huddled together like sheep in a pen, trembling and frightened, surrounded on all sides by enemies so that we could not turn in any direction. It was clear to us that this had happened because of our sins. For luxury had spoiled some of us, and greed and other sinful behaviour had corrupted others. A great noise rose to the sky, not only from our men and our women but also from the pagans rushing upon us. By now we had no hope of surviving. We then prayed and begged for mercy from God.
Interpretation D
An extract from ‘Crusaders: An Epic History of the Wars for the Holy Lands’ by the historian Dan Jones. This book was first published in 2019.
In later years the Battle of Dorylaeum would gain legendary status as the moment the First Crusade truly sprang to life.
It was the first time that a full-scale battle had been fought against Turkish mounted archers, whose tactics of lightning raids and pretend retreats under a hail of arrows were designed to cause chaos in enemy ranks and break them apart.
It was a brutal contest: the Turks’ devastating arrows battled against the Crusaders’ tactic of butchery at close quarters. It was only after three hours, when Raymond of Toulouse charged into the valley with several thousand of his own knights, that the Turks turned and fled.
The Turkish leader Kilij Arslan did not attempt to engage the Crusader Army on the battlefield again. The way to Antioch was now open.
[15]
8* ‘The reason for the Crusaders’ success between October 1097 and July 1100 was their effective military tactics.’
How far do you agree?
[18]
9* ‘The People’s Crusade (1096) failed because the Crusaders were not well enough prepared.’
How far do you agree?
[18]
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