Name one way in which the authorities in medieval Britain (1250–1500) tried to prevent the
spread of disease in towns.
[1]
Give one example of a problem with living conditions caused by the rapid growth of towns in
the period 1750–1900.
[1]
Give one example of a government action since 1900 that was introduced to improve air
quality.
[1]
Write a clear and organised summary that analyses public health in medieval monasteries.
Support your summary with examples.
[9]
Why did national and local governments find it difficult to deal with public health issues in the early modern period (1500–1750)?
Explain your answer.
[10]
4* How far were improvements in public health in the 1800s brought about by improved scientific understanding about disease?
Give reasons for your answer.
[18]
5* ‘Responses to epidemics between 1900 and 2000 were not effective.’
How far do you agree?
Give reasons for your answer.
[18]
In Interpretation A, the image gives the impression that early Norman castles were threatening and intimidating.
Identify and explain one way in which it does this.
Interpretation A
An image from a virtual reconstruction of a motte and bailey castle on a history
[3]
If you were asked to do further research on one aspect of Interpretation A, what would you choose to investigate?
Explain how this would help us to analyse and understand Norman castles built in England
between 1066 and 1087.
[5]
Interpretations B and C both focus on the impact of the Norman Conquest on England.
How far do they differ and what might explain any differences?
Interpretation B
An extract from a book called ‘The History of the Norman Conquest of England’ by Edward Freeman. It was written in the 1860s and 1870s. Freeman was a historian who believed in the superiority of Anglo-Saxon culture and society.
In this book, we have gone on a journey through our national history. We have tracked the story of Harold Godwinson and the other heroes of our own blood. And now we must trace the results of the Norman Conquest.
The Conquest is the greatest turning point in the history of our nation and it is impossible to exaggerate its importance. There was widespread foreign influence on our blood, our language, our laws, our arts. Our Church lost its independence and came under the control of Rome. The leading men and families of England lost their lands and were thrust down into a secondary position under foreign intruders. For a while it appeared that the Anglo-Saxons existed only as the slaves of foreign rulers.
Interpretation C
An extract from an article written in 2016 and published by English Heritage on their website. English Heritage is an organisation which protects historic sites across the country.
Today we mark the 950th anniversary of the Battle of Hastings – perhaps the most important date in English history. The Norman Conquest brought about some of the most radical changes ever seen in English society, land ownership and culture. But arguably, the Conquest’s greatest legacy is what we can still see and touch today – Norman architecture. The Normans thought big and built big, and this website will tell you where you can see some of the spectacular castles and great abbeys the Normans built across the land.
Architecture means the design of buildings.
[12]
8* In his 2012 article ‘The dark side of the Anglo-Saxons’, historian Ryan Lavelle argues that late Anglo-Saxon society was ‘certainly not free, equal or democratic’.
How far do you agree with this view?
[20]
9* The history website BBC Bitesize argues that ‘William’s victory at Hastings in 1066 owed much to his planning and experience’.
How far do you agree with this view?
[20]
The paper as printed
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