Give one example of what medieval people thought caused the Black Death.
[1]
Name one response of the government to the gin craze in the period 1660–1751.
[1]
Name one individual who had a positive impact on public health in the nineteenth century.
[1]
Write a clear and organised summary that analyses people’s lifestyles since 1900. Support your
summary with examples.
[9]
Why were the authorities slow in reforming public health in Industrial Britain? Explain your answer.
[10]
4* ‘The creation of the NHS was the most significant improvement in public health in the twentieth
century.’ How far do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.
[18]
5* How far do you agree that living conditions in towns during the Early Modern period (1500–1750)
were no better than during the Middle Ages? Give reasons for your answer.
[18]
In Interpretation A the artist portrays early Norman castles as a means of control. Identify and
explain one way in which he does this.
Interpretation A – An illustration of the Norman castle at Newcastle. The illustration is on the tourist website about the castle.
[3]
If you were asked to do further research on one aspect of Interpretation A, what would you choose to investigate? Explain how this would help us to analyse and understand the first
motte and bailey castles built by the Normans.
[5]
Interpretations B and C both focus on the position of women in Anglo-Saxon society. How far do
they differ and what might explain any differences?
Interpretation B – Octavia Randolph writing in a website englishhistoryauthors. blogspot.co.uk. Randolph writes historical fiction set in Anglo-Saxon times about the adventures of Ceridwen, a fifteen-year-old girl.
You might be surprised to learn that if you are English, your maternal ancestors of 1000 years ago enjoyed more legal rights than did your great grandmother. Shocking, but true! Anglo-Saxon women enjoyed the right to own land. Divorce laws granted the wife half the household goods and full custody of the children. All this came to a crushing end after 1066. I tried to reflect this in my fiction. I believe I have given my female characters the appropriate rights and freedoms. I based them on law codes of the time as well as information from surviving wills. When I first wrote about Ceridwen I worried that I was giving her too much freedom in my stories, too much excitement. But after researching women in Anglo-Saxon England I wonder if I have not given her enough!
Interpretation C – An extract adapted from The Norman Conquest by historian Marc Morris in 2013.
The notion persists that pre-Conquest England had been a much nicer place – freer, more liberal, with better rights for women. But almost all of this is myth. In the 19th and 20th centuries it was argued that before the coming of the Normans women had better legal rights, allowing them to control their own property and to have a say in whom they married. The period before 1066 was imagined as a golden age, where women and men rubbed shoulders in rough and ready equality only to be ended by the coming of the nasty Normans. However, these arguments have been comprehensively discredited. The reality is that women were no worse off under the Normans than they had been under the Anglo-Saxons; they simply had a bad time both before and after 1066.
[12]
8* In her blog The death of Edward the Confessor and the conflicting claims to the English Crown Dr Jessica Nelson argues that ‘Edward himself should shoulder some of the blame for the
succession crisis.’ How far do you agree with this view?
[20]
9* According to historian David Howarth in his book 1066 the Year of the Conquest, ‘It took William five years of ruthless oppression to bring the country under his power’. How far do you agree with
this view?
[20]
The paper as printed
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