Give one example of how people responded to outbreaks of plague in the 1600s.
[1]
Give one reason why food in towns was of such low quality in the early 1800s.
[1]
Give one way that technology has made lifestyles less healthy since 1900.
[1]
Write a clear and organised summary that analyses air quality since 1900.
Support your summary with examples.
[9]
Why did public health improve in the second half of the 1800s?
Explain your answer.
[10]
4* ‘The authorities in towns and monasteries in medieval Britain (1250–1500) cared very little about public health.’
How far do you agree?
Give reasons for your answer.
[18]
5* ‘The gin craze was the most significant public health problem in the early modern period (1500– c.1750).’
How far do you agree?
Give reasons for your answer.
[18]
In Interpretation A, the website portrays Anglo‑Saxon culture as spectacular.
Identify and explain one way in which it does this.
Interpretation A
An extract from the website of the British Library. It is advertising a recent exhibition on Anglo‑Saxon culture.
In this exhibition, the people of Anglo‑Saxon England tell their story.
Explore the beginnings of the English language and English literature. Come face‑to‑face with manuscripts of Old English poetry and the first letter written in English. Marvel at the humour and wisdom of the Anglo‑Saxons.
Encounter the Codex Amiatinus (a giant Bible made in Northumbria) and other church manuscripts intricately decorated with rich colours and gold.
Discover finely crafted metalwork and sculpture, such as the stunning discoveries unearthed in Suffolk and Staffordshire.
This is your opportunity to follow the journeys of these magnificent objects and manuscripts.
[3]
If you were asked to do further research on one aspect of Interpretation A, what would you choose to investigate?
Explain how this would help us to analyse and understand the culture of late Anglo‑Saxon
England.
[5]
Interpretations B and C both focus on the Battle of Stamford Bridge.
How far do they differ and what might explain any differences?
Interpretation B
An extract from ‘King Harald Hardrada’s Saga’, written in c.1230 by Snorri Sturluson, and taken from his collection of sagas about Norwegian kings. Snorri was a poet and historian from Iceland who had links to the Norwegian royal family. Sagas are collections of stories about heroes.
The weather was unusually sunny and hot, and the Norwegians had taken off their armour. They saw a great army coming towards them under a cloud of dust from horses’ feet.
King Harold Godwinson had come to Stamford Bridge with a huge army made up of both cavalry and infantry. The English King asked his men, ‘Who is that great man with noble appearance and the beautiful helmet?’
‘That is the King of Norway himself,’ his men replied.
Now the battle began. The Norwegians bravely held back the attack from the English. King Harald Hardrada rode out in front and chopped down Englishmen with both hands, and neither helmet nor armour could stop him. The English very nearly took flight. But King Harald was hit by an arrow in the neck, and he fell.
Interpretation C
An extract from a recent TV documentary called ‘Battlefield Britain’.
The Norwegians were in a disastrous position at Stamford Bridge. They were completely unprepared and weren’t wearing any armour. Part of their army was lazing about in the sun on the west side of the river. They had not been expecting the English to travel so fast.
Some Norwegians tried to resist but they were slaughtered without mercy. Panic‑stricken, others frantically tried to escape over the small wooden bridge in a desperate attempt to join up with the rest of their army on the other side of the river.
Both sides locked their shields together to form a defensive wall. But without their armour, the Norwegians could not defend themselves against the English. English steel cut through the Norwegians like knives through butter.
Harold Godwinson achieved an amazing military victory. The Norwegian leaders were killed and their army destroyed.
[12]
8* According to the website ‘worldhistory.org’, northern resistance was ‘the most serious threat to William’s rule in England’ in the years 1067 to 1071.
How far do you agree with this view?
Give reasons for your answer.
[20]
9* In the 2010 TV documentary ‘The Normans’, historian Robert Bartlett argued that the Norman Conquest ‘transformed England’ between 1066 and 1087.
How far do you agree with this view of the impact of the Norman Conquest?
Give reasons for your answer.
[20]
The paper as printed
Spotted a mistake on this page?Report a problem