Give one example of how people responded to outbreaks of plague in the 1600s.
[1]
Give one reason why food in towns was of such low quality in the early 1800s.
[1]
Give one way that technology has made lifestyles less healthy since 1900.
[1]
Write a clear and organised summary that analyses air quality since 1900.
Support your summary with examples.
[9]
Why did public health improve in the second half of the 1800s?
Explain your answer.
[10]
4* ‘The authorities in towns and monasteries in medieval Britain (1250–1500) cared very little about public health.’
How far do you agree?
Give reasons for your answer.
[18]
5* ‘The gin craze was the most significant public health problem in the early modern period (1500– c.1750).’
How far do you agree?
Give reasons for your answer.
[18]
In Interpretation A, the book depicts Francis Drake as an impressive leader.
Identify and explain one way in which it does this.
Interpretation A
An image and extract from a 1957 book written for children. Francis Drake is the person holding a bowling ball.
[3]
If you were asked to do further research on one aspect of Interpretation A, what would you choose to investigate?
Explain how this would help us to analyse and understand England’s war with Spain.
[5]
Interpretations B and C both make judgements about the reign of Elizabeth I.
How far do they differ and what might explain any differences?
Interpretation B
An extract from an article published in a national British newspaper on 24 March 2003 to mark the 400th anniversary of the death of Elizabeth I.
Tolerance and religious balance emerged during Elizabeth’s reign. Seas were navigated and an empire embarked upon. Our small nation defended itself against larger enemies and found a voice and a purpose. Something in Elizabeth’s reign taught us what our country is, and why it matters. And as her reign created a sense of national identity that had not existed before, so Elizabeth herself came to represent our best qualities: courageous, independent, eccentric, amusing and reasonable. The greatest prince this country has produced was a prince in skirts.
Interpretation C
An extract from the introduction to a recent book called ‘Elizabeth I’ by the historian Christopher Haigh.
For many years, historians have portrayed Elizabeth as an English heroine. They say she healed the wounds of religious division; brought order and stability; defeated the threat from Catholic Europe; and sent ships to set up an empire.
But now it all looks different. We now know that Catholic loyalties remained strong. We now know that Puritans who wanted further religious change were not just a minority who could be ignored – they were in Elizabeth’s Court and Council, as well as in Parliament. We now know that the nobility remained powerful, and could be driven to plot against Elizabeth. We now know that England was militarily weak, that wars were badly planned, and that fear of invasion was often serious. It now seems that attempts to set up colonies were small-scale and unsuccessful.
There is not much sign of a golden age. Elizabeth I was a very smart woman in a very difficult situation. But she was not a political genius who got everything right.
[12]
8* According to the history website ‘BBC Bitesize’, Elizabethan society was ‘characterised by extremes of rich and poor’.
How far do you agree with this view of the structure of Elizabethan society between 1580 and 1603?
Give reasons for your answer.
[20]
9* According to the website ‘www.elizabethan-era.org.uk’, ‘Elizabethan people loved entertainment’.
How far do you agree with this view of Elizabethan pastimes, festivities and theatres between 1580 and 1603?
Give reasons for your answer.
[20]
The paper as printed
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