Identify one important trading town within the Viking homelands in c.750.
[1]
Identify one Anglo-Saxon kingdom that became part of the Danelaw.
[1]
Give one reason for Svein Forkbeard’s attacks on England.
[1]
Write a clear and organised summary that analyses the role of gods in Viking society.
Support your summary with examples.
[9]
What impact did the settlement of Volga Vikings have in eastern Europe?
Explain your answer.
[10]
4* ‘The Vikings were successful in attacking western Europe between 793 and 879 because of the quality of their ships.’
How far do you agree?
Give reasons for your answer.
[18]
5* How far do you agree that Viking settlers transformed the places they settled in western Europe?
Give reasons for your answer.
[18]
What can Source A tell us about the Aztecs and their system of tribute?
Use the source and your own knowledge to support your answer.
Source A
A list of the tribute that 13 towns had paid to the Aztecs. The list is from the ‘Codex Mendoza’ which was produced around 1541 in New Spain. The Codex was to be sent to the King of Spain. The tribute included cloaks, war-dresses, shields, bins of grain and beans, and planks of wood.
[7]
How useful are Sources B and C and Interpretation D for a historian studying the arrival of the Spanish in the Aztec Empire?
In your answer, refer to the two sources and the interpretation as well as your own knowledge.
Source B
A drawing of a great fire that came from the night sky – an omen which predicted the coming of the Spanish – from the ‘Florentine Codex’. The ‘Florentine Codex’ was researched and written by a Spanish Franciscan friar between 1540 and 1585. The drawings were by native artists.
From ‘The History of the Indies of New Spain’ by Friar Diego Durán, completed around 1581. Durán was fluent in the Aztec language and learnt much from the native people about the Aztecs.
Moctezuma told Cortés he was overjoyed to welcome him to his city. He added that he had been ruling in Cortés’ place, governing the kingdom that Cortés’ father, the god Quetzalcóatl, had abandoned. Upon his seat, Moctezuma had sat, reigning over the subjects of Quetzalcóatl. If Cortés had come to rule, Moctezuma was at his service and the kingdom was now his because the written prophecies and the accounts of his ancestors had predicted these events.
Interpretation D
From ‘The Conquistadors, A Very Short Introduction’ by Matthew Restall and Felipe Fernández-Armesto. This book was published in 2012.
It is simply not logical that the Aztecs could have mistaken the Spaniards for gods. There is no evidence for such a view in native sources. The omens that supposedly appeared before the fall of Tenochtitlán are a pure deception. Stories of the omens first appeared in the 1540s. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the Aztecs would be deceived by superstition. Aztec success in dealing with the natural world – in farming, in building, in organising war – does not suggest minds governed by magic.
[15]
8* ‘Craftworking was more important to the Aztecs than agriculture.’
How far do you agree?
[18]
9* ‘It was hopes of great wealth that led to Spanish expansion into the Caribbean and central America.’
How far do you agree?
[18]
The paper as printed
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