Which statement describes how the Sun was formed?
A By the electromagnetic attraction of dust and gas
B By the gravitational attraction of dust and gas
C By the heating of gas in a large cloud of dust and gas
D By the nuclear fission of gas in a large cloud of dust and gas
[1]
A hot drink is poured into a mug.
Which method would not help to keep the drink hot?
A Use a lid on the mug.
B Use a mug with a larger surface area.
C Use a mug with thicker sides.
D Wrap the mug with an insulating material.
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A ball is lifted vertically from a height of 1.6 m to a height of 2.0 m.
The force used to lift the ball is 3.0 N.
What is the work done on the ball?
Use the equation: work done = force × distance
A 1.2 J
B 3.2 J
C 4.8 J
D 6.0 J
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[1]
[1]
What is the function of the earth wire in an electrical device?
A To complete the circuit
B To melt if the current is too high due to a fault
C To provide a low resistance path for the current if there is a fault
D To provide power to the device
[1]
Which material will gamma radiation not easily penetrate?
A A sheet of paper
B A thick block of lead
C A thin sheet of aluminium
D Human skin
[1]
Redshift provides evidence for the Big-Bang model of the universe.
Which statement describes redshift of light from a galaxy that is moving away from the Earth?
A The observed speed of light on the Earth is greater than the speed of light emitted by the galaxy.
B The observed speed of light on the Earth is smaller than the speed of light emitted by the galaxy.
C The observed wavelength of light on the Earth is greater than the wavelength of light emitted by the galaxy.
D The observed wavelength of light on the Earth is smaller than the wavelength of light emitted by the galaxy.
[1]
The table shows the speed of a person walking and the speed of an aeroplane flying.
| Object | Speed (m / s) |
| Aeroplane | 150 |
| Person | 1.5 |
What is the ratio of aeroplane’s speed: person’s speed?
A 1: 10
B 1: 100
C 10: 1
D 100: 1
[1]
Which diagram shows a ray of light passing through a concave lens?
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An electromagnetic wave travels in a vacuum.
A second electromagnetic wave travelling in a vacuum has a smaller wavelength.
Which row describes how the frequency and velocity of the second electromagnetic wave compares with the frequency and velocity of the original wave?
| Frequency | Velocity | |
| A | larger | equal |
| B | larger | larger |
| C | smaller | equal |
| D | smaller | larger |
[1]
A sound wave travels from air to water. The speed of the sound wave is directly proportional to its wavelength.
The wavelength of the sound wave in air is 80 cm.
The speed of the sound wave increases by a factor of 4 when it enters the water.
What is the wavelength of the sound wave in the water?
A 20 cm
B 40 cm
C 160 cm
D 320 cm
[1]
Energy sources are used to generate electricity.
The list shows some energy sources.
coal hydroelectric nuclear
oil solar tidal wind
Write down the name of one renewable energy source from the list.
[1]
Write down the name of one non-renewable energy source from the list.
[1]
The graph shows the electricity generated by some renewable energy sources in the UK between 2012 and 2022.
Draw a curve of best fit on the graph.
[1]
Describe how the electricity generated by these renewable energy sources has changed between 2012 and 2022.
[2]
Give two reasons why it is important that the trend shown on the graph continues.
[2]
Calculate the change in the electricity generated between 2012 and 2022.
Use the graph.
Change in electricity generated =........ TW h
[3]
Calculate the average change in the electricity generated by these renewable energy sources per year between 2012 and 2022.
Average change per year =........ TW h / year
[2]
The diagram shows star shaped stickers attached to a wall.
The stickers can sometimes be seen in the dark because they emit electromagnetic waves and
Which region of the electromagnetic spectrum is emitted by the stickers so they can be seen in the dark?
[1]
A student thinks the stars look green when they glow.
Green light has a wavelength of 5.3 × 10–7 m and a speed of 3.0 × 108 m / s.
Calculate the frequency of green light.
Use the equation: wave speed = frequency × wavelength
[3]
The student observes that the stickers only glow in the dark after being exposed to light for a few hours.
Complete the sentences to explain the student’s observation.
Use words from the list.
absorb emit higher lower reflect refract
When light shines onto a sticker, atoms in the sticker........ energy from the light.
When this happens, the electrons in the atoms move to a........ energy level.
After some time, the electrons will move back to a........ energy level.
When this happens, the electrons........ green light.
[3]
The diagram shows a radioactive atom of carbon-14.
The carbon-14 atom has 6 protons and 8 neutrons in its nucleus.
Carbon-12 is a different isotope of carbon.
State one similarity and one difference between an atom of carbon-14 and an atom of carbon-12.
Similarity........
Difference........
[2]
An atom of carbon-14 decays by emitting a negatively charged beta particle from the nucleus.
Describe the effect this has on the mass number and on the charge of the nucleus.
Mass number........
Charge........
[2]
Technicians store carbon-14 as a gas in sealed metal containers.
Explain how the sealed metal containers prevent the technicians from being irradiated by beta particles emitted from carbon-14.
[2]
Explain how the sealed metal containers prevent the technicians from being contaminated by carbon-14.
[1]
The technicians check the safety of the containers by measuring the count rate next to the container. The count rate is the number of counts of radiation per minute.
State the name of two pieces of equipment the technicians use to measure the count rate.
[2]
X-rays and infrared radiation are involved in the scanning of patients in hospitals.
A radiographer uses X-rays to scan the inside of a patient’s body.
Describe one hazardous effect of X-rays on human tissue.
[1]
The radiographer stands behind a lead barrier while doing the scan.
Explain how the barrier will protect the radiographer.
[1]
A hospital technician scans the infrared radiation emitted by a patient.
The technician:
• measures the peak wavelength of infrared radiation emitted by the patient
• repeats the measurement 3 times and records the results in Table 19.1.
Table 19.1
| Measurement | Peak wavelength (μm) |
| 1 | 9.36 |
| 2 | 9.42 |
| 3 | 9.40 |
Calculate the mean peak wavelength using the data in Table 19.1.
Give your answer in standard form in metres.
[2]
Give one reason why the technician repeats the measurements.
[1]
The technician scans a different patient and records the results as shown in Table 19.2.
Table 19.2
| Measurement | Peak wavelength (μm) |
| 1 | 9.43 |
| 2 | 9.41 |
| 3 | 8.25 |
What should the technician do with measurement 3 before calculating the mean peak wavelength in Table 19.2 ?
Explain your answer.
[2]
Describe one other practical use of infrared radiation.
[1]
The diagram shows a games console.
A games console is an electrical device used to play computer games.
The games console is connected to the mains supply and switched on.
Describe how energy is transferred through the power cord to the games console.
[1]
(b) The games console uses 4.2 × 105 J of energy per hour when a student is playing on it. (i)
The actual energy input to the games console in one hour is 5.2 × 105 J.
Calculate the energy wasted by the games console in one hour of playing.
[2]
Explain why some energy is wasted when the student is playing on the games console.
[2]
Calculate the efficiency of the game console.
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
[3]
The games console has a transformer built into the power cord.
The transformer needs to decrease the potential difference of the mains supply from 230 V to 12.1 V.
State the type of transformer used in the games console.
[1]
The current in the primary coil of the transformer is 0.51 A.
Calculate the current in the secondary coil of the transformer.
Assume the transformer is 100% efficient.
Use the Equation Sheet.
[3]
A nuclear power station uses fission to produce electricity.
[3]
[6]
A student drops a rock into a pond from a height of 1.5 m.
[4]
The student drops an identical rock from a height of 2.0 m.
The student notices that the ripples produced by this rock have a larger amplitude than the ripples produced by the first rock.
Explain why the rock dropped from a greater height produces ripples with a larger amplitude.
[2]
Describe how the student uses a metre ruler and a stop clock to determine the speed of the ripples.
[3]
The diagram shows a pendulum bob attached to a stand using string.
A student lifts the pendulum bob to the position shown on the diagram.
The student then releases the pendulum bob so that it swings freely.
The student notices that the maximum height of the pendulum bob above the bench decreases after each swing.
Explain why the maximum height of the pendulum bob decreases after each swing.
[2]
The student holds a metre ruler behind the swinging pendulum bob and measures the maximum height of the pendulum bob above the bench.
Give two reasons why the student’s method might not give an accurate value for the maximum height of the pendulum bob.
[2]
Describe two ways to improve the student’s method to obtain a more accurate value of the maximum height of the pendulum bob at the end of each swing.
[2]
The graph shows how the maximum height of the pendulum bob above the bench changes as the pendulum bob swings.
The initial release height of the pendulum bob above the bench is 19 cm.
Determine the maximum height after 6 swings as a percentage of the initial release height.
[3]
The paper as printed
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