Addition polymerisation

This question is about organic compounds.

Chloroethene (C₂H₃Cl) is a covalent molecule that is used to make poly(chloroethene).

This is the displayed formula of chloroethene.

Draw a dot‑and‑cross diagram of chloroethene.

Show only the outer shell electrons.

Describe, in terms of electrostatic attraction, what is meant by a covalent bond.

Chloroethene is a monomer.

Draw the displayed formula of the repeat unit of poly(chloroethene).

Poly(chloroethene) is non‑biodegradable.

There are two main methods used to dispose of poly(chloroethene).

Describe one problem caused by each method.

An organic compound contains this percentage composition by mass.

C = 22.0% H = 4.6% Br = 73.4%

Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.

Ethane and ethene undergo different types of reaction with bromine.

Describe the differences between these two reactions.

This question is about alkanes and alkenes.

Ethane and ethene each react with bromine, but under different conditions.

Give a reason why ethane does not undergo an addition reaction with bromine.

Complete the equation for the substitution reaction between ethane and bromine, including an essential condition for the reaction.

condition

Give the colour change that occurs when ethene reacts with bromine water.

The diagram shows the displayed formulae of two compounds in the homologous series of alkenes.

Compounds in the same homologous series have the same general formula.

Give two other characteristics of compounds in the same homologous series.

Explain why the alkenes in the diagram are isomers.

Draw the displayed formula of another alkene that is an isomer of these two alkenes.

The reaction used to make poly(ethene) can be represented by this equation.

H H n

Describe the differences between the reactant and the product in this reaction.

Refer to carbon chain length, type of bond and state of matter in your answer.

This question is about unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Ethene (C₂H₄) is a member of the homologous series of alkenes.

Give two characteristics of a homologous series.

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of ethene.

Show outer electrons only.

Propene (C₃H₆) is another member of the homologous series of alkenes.

State why the empirical formula of all alkenes in this homologous series is CH₂

Propene can be polymerised to form poly(propene).

Draw the displayed formula of propene and the repeat unit of poly(propene).

propene
repeat unit of poly(propene)

This is the structural formula of another hydrocarbon compound.

Give the molecular formula and the empirical formula of this compound.

molecular formula

empirical formula

Explain why this compound is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Describe a test to show that this hydrocarbon is unsaturated.

This question is about propene.

The structural formula of propene is CH₃CH CH₂

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram for a molecule of propene.

Describe the forces of attraction that hold the atoms together in a molecule of propene.

The alkane pentadecane has the formula C₁₅H₃₂

Describe how propene can be produced from pentadecane.

Propene is used to make poly(propene).

Complete the equation for the formation of poly(propene).

Explain why the disposal of poly(propene) in landfill sites is a problem.

Propene can be converted into compound X.

Compound X contains these percentages by mass.

• carbon 60%

• hydrogen 13.3%

• oxygen 26.7%

Compound X has an M_r of 60

Determine the molecular formula of compound X.

Propene and compound X both have simple molecular structures.

Explain why compound X has a higher boiling point than propene.

This question is about polymers.

This is the structure of a monomer.

What is the name of this monomer?

Complete the equation to show the repeat unit of the polymer that forms from this monomer.

A typical molecule of the polymer has a relative molecular mass (M_r) of 2 490 000

Show that the number of monomer molecules needed to make this typical molecule is about 40 000

[for C, A_r = 12 for Cl, A_r = 35.5]

These are two methods used to dispose of the polymer.

• burying in landfill sites

• burning

Discuss the environmental problems caused by these two methods of disposal.

A different polymer molecule contains 10 600 atoms of carbon, 10 600 atoms of hydrogen and 31 800 atoms of chlorine.

Determine the empirical formula of this polymer.

The diagram shows some important conversion processes used in the oil industry.

Describe how kerosene is produced from crude oil in process 1.

C₁₂H₂₆ is present in kerosene.

In process 2, C₁₂H₂₆ is cracked to produce two molecules of ethene and one molecule of another hydrocarbon.

Complete the equation for the cracking of C₁₂H₂₆

Explain why cracking is a useful process in the oil industry.

This is the equation for one of the reactions that may occur during process 3.

H H

C l C l

What is the name of this type of reaction?

Explain why the disposal of polymers such as poly(chloroethene) is difficult.

Give the letter of a compound not shown as a displayed formula.

Give the letter of a saturated compound with the general formula C_nH_2n

Name compound E.

Explain why compound A and compound D are isomers.

Compound F reacts with bromine in the presence of ultraviolet radiation.

Complete the equation for the reaction.

Give the name of this type of reaction.

Another compound, G, has this percentage composition by mass.

C = 37.8 % H = 6.3 % C l = 55.9 %

Show by calculation that the empirical formula of compound G is C₂H₄Cl

The relative formula mass (M_r) of G is 127

Determine the molecular formula of G.

Compound E is used to make an addition polymer.

Give one problem caused by the disposal of addition polymers.

Organic compounds can exist as isomers.

Explain what is meant by the term isomers.

Organic compound Q reacts with bromine, without the presence of ultraviolet radiation, to form the compound C₄H₈Br₂

Draw the displayed formulae of two isomers of Q.

An acrylic polymer can be formed from molecules with this structure.

A student describes the molecule as an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Explain whether this is a correct description.

Name the type of polymerisation that occurs in the formation of the polymer.

Complete the equation for the polymerisation reaction.

Octane is a compound in petrol.

The equation for the complete combustion of octane is

The fuel tank of a car contains 50.0 dm³ of octane.

Calculate the mass, in kg, of carbon dioxide formed if all the octane in the fuel tank undergoes complete combustion.

[mass of 1 dm³ of octane = 700 g]

State an environmental problem caused by carbon dioxide.

The table shows the molecular formulae of six organic compounds, A, B, C, D, E and F.

Explain which homologous series compound B belongs to.

Give the letter of the compound that has the same empirical formula as its molecular formula.

Compound F exists as two isomers.

Explain what is meant by the term isomers.

Include the structures of the two isomers of compound F in your answer.

Describe how compound D can be obtained from crude oil using the industrial process of fractional distillation.

Compound C can be used to make a polymer.

State the type of polymer formed from compound C.

Name the polymer formed from compound C.

Draw the structure of this polymer.

Include the displayed formula of the repeat unit.

The boxes show the displayed formulae of six organic compounds, P, Q, R, S, T and U.

Use the letters P, Q, R, S, T and U to answer these questions.

Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Give the letter of the compound that is not a hydrocarbon.

Give the letters of the two compounds that have the same empirical formula.

Give the letter of the compound that is used to manufacture poly(propene).

Describe a test that can be used to distinguish between compounds Q and T.

result with compound Q_........

result with compound T_........

Compounds P, Q and R are members of the same homologous series.

Give two characteristics of a homologous series.

This is the displayed formula of an alkene, V.

Give the name of alkene V.

Draw the displayed formula of another alkene that is an isomer of alkene V.

An organic compound has the percentage composition by mass

C = 36.36% H = 6.06% F = 57.58%

Show that the empirical formula of the compound is CH₂F

The relative molecular mass (M_r) of the compound is 66.

Determine the molecular formula of the compound.

This question is about alkenes and polymers.

Ethene (C₂H₄) can be represented by different types of formula.

Complete the table by giving the missing information.

Ethene is a member of the homologous series of alkenes.

All members of the same homologous series have the same general formula.

Give two other characteristics of a homologous series.

Ethene is used to make poly(ethene).

State the type of polymerisation used to form poly(ethene).

Complete the equation for the polymerisation of ethene.

Poly(ethene) is used to make plastic bags.

Corn starch from plants can also be used to make polymers for plastic bags.

The table gives some information about poly(ethene) and polymers made from corn starch.

Use the information in the table and your knowledge to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using poly(ethene) to make plastic bags.

The diagram shows the repeat unit of another polymer.

Draw the displayed formula of the monomer used to make this polymer.