Orbital motion & satellites

This question is about astrophysics.

Diagrams A, B, C and D show different orbital paths for object Y orbiting object X.

Table 1 gives some possible names for object X and object Y.

Complete the table by placing one tick () in each row to show which orbital path is correct for each combination of object X and object Y.

Each orbital path may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Give the name of the force that causes one object to orbit another object in space.

Table 2 gives information about four different stars in the same galaxy as the Sun.

Give the name of the galaxy that contains the Sun and the stars shown in table 2.

Explain how the stars in table 2 can be classified according to their colour.

Describe the likely future evolution of Antares.

Describe what additional information is needed to predict the next evolutionary stage for Vega.

This is a question about the Solar System.

Give the name of the galaxy the Solar System is in.

Neptune is a planet in the Solar System.

Triton is a moon that orbits the planet, Neptune.

Draw a diagram to show the orbit of Neptune and the orbit of Triton in the Solar System.

Neptune orbits in the Solar System at an orbital speed of 5.4 × 10³m / s with an orbital radius of 4.5 × 10¹²m.

Pluto is another object in the Solar System. Pluto orbits with a time period of 7.8 × 10⁹s.

Show that the ratio of the orbital time period of Neptune to the orbital time period of Pluto is 2: 3

Diagram 1 shows a planet orbiting a star, and a moon orbiting a planet.

On Diagram 1, draw the orbit of a comet around the star.

On Diagram 1, draw an arrow to show the force the planet exerts on the moon.

What type of force does the planet exert on the moon?

The planet completes one orbit of the star in a time of 2.510⁸s.

The radius of the planet’s orbit is 8.710¹⁰m.

Calculate the orbital speed of the planet.

Give your answer to two significant figures.

Diagram 2 shows the region around the Sun, a yellow star, where liquid water can exist on the surface of planets. This is because the surface temperature of the planet is between 0C and 100C.

Explain what would happen to the position of the liquid water region if the Sun was replaced with a blue star of the same size.

This question is about the motion of objects in the solar system.

Draw a labelled diagram showing the Moon orbiting the Earth.

Give the name of the force that causes the Moon to orbit the Earth.

Give the name of another object that orbits the Earth.

A planet and a comet both orbit a star.

Give a difference between the orbit of a planet and the orbit of a comet.

This question is about astrophysics.

Which of these is a large collection of billions of galaxies?

Which of these is a correct unit for gravitational field strength, g ?

Which statement explains why the gravitational field strength on the Moon is less than the gravitational field strength on Earth?

Describe the differences between the orbit of the Moon and the orbit of a comet.

You may include a diagram to support your answer.

A star has a circular orbit around the centre of a galaxy.

Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the force on the star that keeps the star in a circular orbit.

The speed of light is 3.010⁸m/s.

One light year is the distance light travels in one year.

Show that one light year is approximately 10¹⁶m.

The star is 29 000 light years away from the centre of the galaxy and has an orbital speed of 220 km/s.

Calculate the time period of the star’s orbit around the centre of the galaxy.

Give your answer in standard form.

The photograph shows the International Space Station (ISS) in orbit around the Earth.

The ISS orbits the Earth in a circular orbit.

Which of these also orbits the Earth?

Which of these forces causes the ISS to orbit the Earth?

The ISS completes one orbit of the Earth in a time period of 93 minutes.

The orbital radius of the ISS is 6.810³km.

Calculate the orbital speed of the ISS in km / s.

orbital speed =_........ km / s

Show that the ISS completes approximately 15 orbits of the Earth each day.

The diagram shows the inside of an oscilloscope.

Electrons leave the electron supply and accelerate towards the screen.

The stream of electrons hits the screen.

The grid is connected to the positive terminal of a high voltage power supply.

Explain, in terms of the movement of particles, how the grid has become positively charged.

State the formula linking kinetic energy, mass and speed.

Calculate the speed of an electron when it has 1.3 × 10^–15J of kinetic energy.

The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10^–31kg.

The stream of electrons spreads out as it travels towards the screen.

Explain why the electrons in the stream move apart from each other.

The oscilloscope can cause the electrons to move in a circle.

This produces a circular pattern on the screen.

Use the scale to determine the radius of the circle.

The time taken for the electrons to complete one orbit of the circle is 24 ms.

Calculate the orbital speed of the electrons.

Use the formula

The diagram shows the orbit of the Earth around the Sun.

Sun

Draw the orbit of the Earth’s Moon on the diagram.

Draw the orbit of a comet on the diagram.

Earth orbits the Sun in 365 days with an orbital radius of 150 000 000 km.

Calculate the Earth’s orbital speed in km/s.

Which force keeps the Earth in orbit around the Sun?

Describe the evolution of the Sun from the first stage of its evolution to the final stage of its evolution.

A binary star system has two nearby stars, which orbit each other in a circular path around a common centre of gravity.

In an eclipsing binary system, one star passes behind the other star in its orbit. This causes a decrease in the light intensity of the binary star system when viewed from Earth.

The graph shows how the light intensity of the binary star system changes with time.

Suggest why the decreases in light intensity are not all the same.

Use the graph to determine the time period of the binary star system.

One of the stars in this binary system has an orbital speed of 19 km/s.

Calculate the orbital radius of this star.

A different binary star system is in a distant galaxy.

When observed from the Earth, light from this galaxy has a longer wavelength than the wavelength of the light when it is emitted from the galaxy.

Explain why this gives evidence for the Big Bang theory.

The diagram shows a comet as it moves through part of its orbit around the Sun.

Add an S to the diagram to show the position of the Sun.

Complete the diagram to show the orbit of the comet.

Add an X to the diagram to show the position where the comet is moving fastest.

Describe how the orbit of a comet compares with the orbit of a planet.

This question is about astrophysics.

Which of these do planets orbit?

Which of these has the largest diameter?

Which of these has the smallest diameter?

At the surface of the Earth, the gravitational field strength is 10 N/kg.

At the surface of the Moon, the gravitational field strength is 1.7 N/kg.

Give a reason for the difference in gravitational field strength.

The table gives data for some of the planets in the solar system.

Plot a bar chart of the gravitational field strength for each planet.

Suggest why planets have different gravitational field strengths at their surface.

Give the relationship shown by the data in the table between the orbital radius and the orbital speed for the planets in the solar system.

Calculate the time period of Mercury’s orbit around the Sun.

The SPS is a particle accelerator in Geneva.

The SPS can accelerate sulfur particles to speeds almost as fast as the speed of light.

Neutral sulfur particles can become positively charged sulfur particles.

Describe the difference between a neutral sulfur particle and a positively charged sulfur particle.

Diagram 1 shows a section of the SPS.

Positively charged sulfur particles are introduced at point P and accelerate to the right.

Explain why the positively charged sulfur particles accelerate.

The sulfur particles enter a large tube and complete a circular orbit.

Diagram 2 shows a sulfur particle, travelling with velocity v, in the tube.

A magnetic force acts on the positively charged sulfur particle.

This force makes the particle travel in a circle.

The force is labelled F.

Use the left-hand rule to determine the direction of the applied magnetic field.

The tube has a radius of 1.1 km and the sulfur particle has an orbital speed of 2.9 × 10⁸m/s.

Calculate the orbital period of the sulfur particle.

Funcube-1 is a satellite that was launched into orbit around the Earth.

The rocket carrying Funcube-1 burns fuel to accelerate upwards.

As the rocket burns fuel, the energy in its chemical store reduces and the energy in its kinetic store and gravitational store changes.

State how the kinetic store of the rocket changes as the rocket burns fuel.

State how the gravitational store of the rocket changes as the rocket burns fuel.

The rocket engine stops burning fuel.

The rocket continues to go further away from the surface of the Earth.

The table gives some statements about the rocket’s energy stores.

Funcube-1 goes into a circular orbit above the surface of the Earth.

State the name of the force responsible for keeping Funcube-1 in orbit.

Funcube-1 has an orbital radius of 7100 km and an orbital period of 5800 s.

Calculate the orbital speed, in km / s, of Funcube-1.

orbital speed =_........ km / s

Funcube-1 spins and is heated by the Sun.

The diagram shows two coloured metal bars attached to a face of Funcube-1.

The surface of one metal bar is dull and black.

The surface of the other metal bar is shiny and white.

Temperature probes measure the temperature of each metal bar.

Use ideas about thermal energy transfer to explain how the temperature of each metal bar changes as Funcube-1 spins.

The photograph shows Callisto, a moon of the planet Jupiter.

In the space below, draw a labelled diagram to show how Callisto orbits Jupiter.

Callisto orbits Jupiter at an orbital radius of 1 880 000 km and with an orbital period of 400 hours.

Calculate the orbital speed of Callisto in km/s.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Callisto has a gravitational field strength of 1.2 N/kg at its surface.

The Earth’s moon has a gravitational field strength of 1.6 N/kg at its surface.

Callisto has a larger mass than the Earth’s moon.

Suggest why Callisto has a lower gravitational field strength than the Earth’s moon.

An object has a weight of 59 N on the surface of the Earth’s moon.

Calculate the weight of the same object if it were on the surface of Callisto.

The diagram shows two objects orbiting a star.

Object X has a circular orbit around the star.

State the type of object that has a circular orbit around a star.

Object Y has an elliptical orbit around the star.

State the type of object that has an elliptical orbit around a star.

Object X completes an orbit of the star in 35 days.

The radius of its orbit is 1.5 × 10¹¹m.

Calculate the orbital speed of object X.

This question is about astrophysics.

Complete the sentences by writing a suitable word or phrase in each blank space.

Space and all the galaxies in it is called the_........

A large collection of billions of stars is called a_........

The Sun and its collection of planets and moons is called the_........

The diagram shows the orbit of a comet around the Sun.

At which point in its orbit is the comet moving fastest?

Name the force that keeps the comet in orbit around the Sun.

This question is about satellites and their orbits.

State a difference between an artificial satellite’s orbit and a planet’s orbit.

State a similarity between an artificial satellite’s orbit and a moon’s orbit.

KALPANA-1 was an artificial satellite used to monitor the weather.

The diagram shows the orbit of the satellite.

KALPANA-1 has an orbital speed of 3.1 km/s and completes one orbit in 24 hours.

Calculate the height of KALPANA-1’s orbit above the Earth’s surface.

[radius of Earth 6400 km]

The Doppler effect occurs when there is relative motion between the source of waves and the observer of the waves.

Explain how the Doppler effect causes a change in the observed frequency of the waves.

Suggest why the radio waves from KALPANA-1 detected on the Earth’s surface are not affected by the Doppler effect.

The planets Mars and Saturn orbit around the same star, the Sun.

The diagram shows the orbital paths of Mars and Saturn.

Draw an orbital path of a comet on the diagram.

The table gives some information about the orbits of Mars and Saturn.

Mars completes a number of orbits in the time it takes for Saturn to complete one orbit.

Calculate the number of orbits that Mars completes in the time it takes for Saturn to complete one orbit.

This question is about a proton moving in a uniform magnetic field.

Describe how to use two permanent magnets to produce a uniform magnetic field.

You may draw a diagram to support your answer.

The diagram shows a proton moving in a circular path at constant speed in a uniform magnetic field.

This motion is similar to the movement of a planet in the Solar System.

Draw an arrow to show the direction of the force on the proton.

Accurately measure the diameter of the proton’s path.

The proton completes one orbit of its circular path in a time period of 8.7 × 10^–6 seconds.

Calculate the orbital speed of the proton.

This question is about stars.

The diagram shows the orbits of two astronomical objects around a star.

Add a labelled arrow to the diagram to show the type of force from the star acting on object A.

What is object A?

What is object B?

State the name given to a large collection of billions of stars.

Physicists classify stars according to their colour.

Each group of stars of similar colour is called a spectral class.

The table gives information about colour and surface temperature for three spectral classes of stars.

The Sun belongs to spectral class G.

Complete the table by suggesting values for the missing surface temperatures.

There are stars in the universe with masses much greater than the mass of the Sun.

Describe what happens to these high-mass stars when they leave the main sequence stage of their evolution.

Which force is responsible for keeping satellites in orbit?

Which of these is the largest?

Which of these represents the brightness of stars at a standard distance?