Addition polymerisation

1-Chlorobut-2-ene and 3-hydroxybutanoic acid can both form polymers.

Draw two repeat units of each of the polymers formed.

State the type of polymerisation reaction that takes place for each compound.

The disposal of polymers containing chlorine is a major challenge.

Suggest why a polymer made from monomers containing chlorine, such as 1-chlorobut-2-ene, is difficult to dispose of by incineration.

The polymer formed from 3-hydroxybutanoic acid can be hydrolysed. This makes the polymer biodegradable.

Suggest what feature in the structure of this polymer allows this hydrolysis.

Polymers, such as poly(chloroethene), shown below, are difficult to dispose of.

Poly(chloroethene)

Which statement(s) is/are true about poly(chloroethene)?

1 It is a photodegradable or biodegradable polymer.

2 When incinerated, it produces toxic waste products which need to be removed.

3 It can be recycled and processed for use as an organic feedstock.

A 1, 2 and 3

B Only 1 and 2

C Only 2 and 3

D Only 1

This question is about reactions of acrolein, H₂C=CHCHO.

Acrolein reacts with sodium cyanide in acidic conditions, NaCN(aq) / H + (aq).

Outline the reaction mechanism for this reaction, showing the intermediate and the organic product.

The structure of acrolein has been provided.

Include curly arrows and relevant dipoles.

Name this type of mechanism.

This question is about haloalkanes and polymers.

Freon-13, is a CFC with the molecular formula CCl F₃. In the upper atmosphere, the presence of Freon-13 can lead to ozone depletion.

Explain, with the aid of equations, how Freon-13 can lead to this ozone depletion.

Use ‘dots’ (•) to show the position of unpaired electrons.

An oligomer is a polymer with a low molecular mass and a small number of repeat units.

An oligomer made from 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethene is used as a lubricating oil.

Draw the repeat unit of this oligomer.

The boiling point of the lubricating oil can be increased by increasing the number of repeat units.

Explain this statement.

A polymer can be made from the monomers:

• 1,4-diaminobutane

• benzene-1,4-diacyl dichloride.

Draw the structures of these monomers and one repeat unit of the polymer.

Which structure shows a section of poly(propene)?

This question is about reactions of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

A chemist investigates two reactions of alcohol A, shown below.

What is the systematic name of alcohol A ?

What is the structural formula of alcohol A ?

The chemist heats alcohol A with an acid catalyst to form a mixture containing alkenes.

Draw the structures of the two alkenes formed in this reaction.

The chemist heats alcohol A with sodium chloride and sulfuric acid.

Construct a balanced equation for this reaction. Show structures for the organic compounds in your equation.