Addition polymerisation

Crisp packets are often made from poly(propene) coated with a thin layer of aluminium on the inside.

Poly(propene) is a polymer made from the monomer propene, CH₂CHCH₃.

What is the relative formula mass of propene?

(relative atomic masses: C = 12, H = 1)

Describe how monomer molecules combine to make polymers.

Crisps go stale when exposed to the atmosphere.

In an experiment some crisp packets were made from aluminium, some from poly(propene) and some from poly(propene) coated with aluminium. These packets were tested.

Figure 15 shows the results.

Low porosity is an advantage of using poly(propene) coated with aluminium as it prevents the crisps from becoming damp.

Explain, using Figure 15, one other advantage of using poly(propene) coated with aluminium.

The aluminium coating can be replaced by a very thin layer of material called a nanosheet.

The nanosheet is made from amino acids and is less than 100 nm thick.

Explain why the nanosheet layer would be better than aluminium as a coating for crisp packets.

Nanosheet layers can be made from amino acids.

An equation showing a reaction of an amino acid, C₂H₅NO₂, is

Calculate the mass of water formed when 105 g of this amino acid reacts.

(relative formula masses: C₂H₅NO₂ = 75, H₂O = 18)

Some crisps contain malic acid.

The structure of one molecule of malic acid is shown in Figure 16.

Malic acid has two types of functional group.

One type is the –COOH functional group.

Give the name of this functional group.

Name the other functional group.

Crisp packets are often made from poly(propene) coated with a thin layer of aluminium on the inside.

Poly(propene) is a polymer made from the monomer propene, CH₂CHCH₃.

What is the relative formula mass of propene?

(relative atomic masses: C = 12, H = 1)

Describe how monomer molecules combine to make polymers.

Crisps go stale when exposed to the atmosphere.

In an experiment some crisp packets were made from aluminium, some from poly(propene) and some from poly(propene) coated with aluminium. These packets were tested.

Figure 5 shows the results.

Low porosity is an advantage of using poly(propene) coated with aluminium as it prevents the crisps from becoming damp.

Explain, using Figure 5, one other advantage of using poly(propene) coated with aluminium.

The aluminium coating can be replaced by a very thin layer of material called a nanosheet.

The nanosheet is made from amino acids and is less than 100 nm thick.

Explain why the nanosheet layer would be better than aluminium as a coating for crisp packets.

Nanosheet layers can be made from amino acids.

An equation showing a reaction of an amino acid, C₂H₅NO₂, is

Calculate the mass of water formed when 105 g of this amino acid reacts.

(relative formula masses: C₂H₅NO₂ = 75, H₂O = 18)

Some crisps contain malic acid.

The structure of one molecule of malic acid is shown in Figure 6.

Malic acid has two types of functional group.

One type is the –COOH functional group.

Give the name of this functional group.

Name the other functional group.

Ethanol can be produced by the fermentation of carbohydrates.

What conditions are necessary for fermentation?

A carbohydrate has the formula C₁₂H₂₄O₁₂.

Complete the equation for the fermentation of this carbohydrate to make ethanol and carbon dioxide only.

C₁₂H₂₄O_{12 ........}

Ethanol can be oxidised to make ethanoic acid. One use of ethanoic acid is to make a monomer.

This monomer is polymerised to make the addition polymer PVA, used as a glue.

The structure of the monomer is shown in Figure 14.

Draw a diagram to show the structure of the repeating unit of PVA.

*(c) Babies may wear bamboo nappies or disposable nappies. Both types of nappy absorb liquid.

The bamboo in bamboo nappies comes from a fast growing plant. A bamboo nappy can be washed and used again many times. When a bamboo nappy is placed in landfill, it will rot away quickly.

Disposable nappies contain a polymer made using crude oil. 1 g of a typical polymer used in disposable nappies can absorb about 150 g water. When a disposable nappy is placed in landfill, it may take over 400 years to decompose.

Discuss, using the information given, the advantages and disadvantages of bamboo nappies and disposable nappies. Include in your answer a brief description of how a nappy could be tested to see how much water it will absorb.

Figure 13 shows the apparatus used to burn different alcohols.

The mass of each alcohol required to raise the temperature of the water by 40 °C is found.

State one variable, apart from the volume of water, that should be kept the same when each alcohol is burned.

It is found that 1.6 g of ethanol is used to raise the temperature of water by 40 °C.

Calculate the number of moles of ethanol used. Give your answer to two significant figures. (relative formula mass: ethanol = 46)

number of moles =_........

The mass of ethanol used to raise the temperature of the water by 40 °C is higher than the theoretical value.

The experiment is repeated and the same result obtained.

Give a reason why the mass of ethanol used is higher than expected.

Poly(phenylethene) is an addition polymer.

Figure 14 shows part of the poly(phenylethene) molecule formed in the addition reaction between three phenylethene monomer molecules.

Draw the structure of one phenylethene monomer molecule.

Explain what is seen when a few drops of bromine water are shaken with phenylethene.

Poly(phenylethene) is an addition polymer.

Polyesters are condensation polymers.

Describe the differences between the type of monomer molecules used to form addition polymers and the type of monomer molecules used to form condensation polymers.

Atoms, molecules, nanoparticles and protons are types of particle.

List these four types of particle in order of size from smallest to largest.

Nanoparticles have a large surface area to volume ratio.

Figure 7 shows a cube-shaped nanoparticle with sides of 90 nm.

Figure 7

What is 90 nm in metres?

Calculate the simplest surface area to volume ratio for the nanoparticle in Figure 7.

Show your working.

surface area to volume ratio = 1:_........

Figure 8 shows the structure of a molecule of tetrafluoroethene.

Tetrafluoroethene can form the polymer poly(tetrafluoroethene).

Draw a diagram to show the structure of the repeating unit of this polymer.

Poly(tetrafluoroethene) is also known as Teflon^TM.

State one use of poly(tetrafluoroethene) and explain how one of its properties makes it suitable for that use.

use

explanation

Figure 14 shows the structure of a molecule of hydrocarbon Z, C₄H₈.

Give the name of hydrocarbon Z shown in Figure 14.

Complete the balanced equation for the reaction of hydrocarbon Z, C₄H₈, with bromine.

Draw the repeating unit of the addition polymer formed when hydrocarbon Z undergoes polymerisation.

Figure 15 shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule of an alcohol.

Give the name of the carbon‑containing product formed when the alcohol in Figure 15 undergoes dehydration.

Give the formula of the functional group of the product formed when the alcohol in Figure 15 undergoes oxidation.

A student wants to investigate the amount of energy released when 1.00 g of the alcohol is burned.

They set up the apparatus shown in Figure 16 to measure the temperature rise of the water.

State why this apparatus is not suitable for use in this experiment.

Some alcohols can react with some carboxylic acids to form polyesters, which are condensation polymers.

Figure 17 shows the repeating unit of the polyester molecule formed in a reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

Give the formula of the other product formed in this reaction.

Draw the structure of one molecule of the alcohol used to produce the polyester shown in Figure 17, showing all covalent bonds.

This question is about polymers.

State a problem with recycling polymers.

Describe a problem associated with the disposal of polymers.

Poly(chloroethene) is a polymer made from chloroethene. A molecule of chloroethene is shown in Figure 20.

On Figure 20, draw a circle around the functional group in this molecule.

Draw a section of a poly(chloroethene) molecule containing three repeating units, showing all bonds.

What type of polymer is poly(chloroethene)?

Calculate the relative formula mass of a poly(chloroethene) molecule made from 2850 chloroethene molecules, C₂H₃Cl.

(relative atomic masses: H = 1.00, C = 12.0, C l = 35.5)

Give your answer to three significant figures.

Show your working.

relative formula mass =_........

This question is about polymers.

State a problem with recycling polymers.

Describe a problem associated with the disposal of polymers.

Poly(chloroethene) is a polymer made from chloroethene. A molecule of chloroethene is shown in Figure 5.

On Figure 5, draw a circle around the functional group in this molecule.

Draw a section of a poly(chloroethene) molecule containing three repeating units, showing all bonds.

What type of polymer is poly(chloroethene)?

Calculate the relative formula mass of a poly(chloroethene) molecule made from 2850 chloroethene molecules, C₂H₃Cl.

(relative atomic masses: H = 1.00, C = 12.0, C l = 35.5)

Give your answer to three significant figures.

Show your working.

relative formula mass =_........

Figure 16 shows the structure of a molecule of dichloroethene.

Describe how dichloroethene monomers form a polymer.

Separate samples of dichloroethene and poly(dichloroethene) are shaken with a few drops of bromine water.

What would be seen ?

Dichloroethene is produced from ethene and chlorine.

In the overall reaction, ethene reacts with chlorine and forms dichloroethene and hydrogen chloride.

Complete the balanced equation for the overall reaction.

Poly(dichloroethene) was used to wrap food to keep it fresh.

Explain one property that a plastic food wrapping must have.

An industrial process uses 500 tonnes of dichloroethene. In the process only 96.5% of the dichloroethene molecules react.

Calculate the mass of dichloroethene that has not reacted.

Give your answer to two significant figures.

Figure 2 shows the structure of a molecule of dichloroethene.

Describe how dichloroethene monomers form a polymer.

Separate samples of dichloroethene and poly(dichloroethene) are shaken with a few drops of bromine water.

What would be seen ?

Dichloroethene is produced from ethene and chlorine.

In the overall reaction, ethene reacts with chlorine and forms dichloroethene and hydrogen chloride.

Complete the balanced equation for the overall reaction.

Poly(dichloroethene) was used to wrap food to keep it fresh.

Explain one property that a plastic food wrapping must have.

An industrial process uses 500 tonnes of dichloroethene. In the process only 96.5% of the dichloroethene molecules react.

Calculate the mass of dichloroethene that has not reacted.

Give your answer to two significant figures.

Polymer molecules can be made by joining together large numbers of small molecules called monomers.

Figure 5 shows the names and structures of some polymers and the monomers used to make them.

Complete the table using the information given.

Plastics are polymers.

State two problems caused by the disposal of polymers.

A molecule of propene has the structure shown in Figure 6.

Which of the following shows the structure of part of a poly(propene) molecule?

H H H H H H

Calculate the relative formula mass of the poly(propene) molecule made from joining together 24 600 molecules of propene, C₃H₆. (relative formula mass: C₃H₆ = 42.0)

Give your answer to three significant figures.

(a) Figure 10 shows information about a glass, a ceramic, a polymer and a metal.

*polymers soften, rather than melt, when heated.

Figure 10

Figure 11 shows part of a household wire that connects a kettle to a plug.

Figure 11

Why is this wire made of metal?

Which type of material would be most suitable for the insulation on this household wire?

Explain, using information from Figure 10, why the ceramic is a suitable material to make a cup that will contain a hot drink of tea or coffee.

The structure of a molecule of a polymer is shown in Figure 12.

Complete the structure of a molecule of the monomer used to make this polymer by adding the missing covalent bonds.

*(ii) Poly(ethene) has many uses in everyday life. Large amounts of poly(ethene) are manufactured from ethene produced by cracking fractions obtained from crude oil.

Poly(ethene) is used to make many objects. After use it is necessary to dispose of the large amounts of poly(ethene) in these objects.

Explain some of the problems associated with the manufacture and disposal of poly(ethene).

Figure 4 shows information about a ceramic and a metal.

The ceramic, rather than the metal, is a more suitable material for washbasins.

Give a reason for this, using a property from Figure 4.

Poly(propene) is an example of a polymer.

The structure of a poly(propene) molecule is shown in Figure 5.

This polymer is made from a monomer.

Draw the structure of the monomer molecule showing all covalent bonds.

A layer of poly(chloroethene) (PVC) is used to surround the copper in electrical cables.

Explain why poly(chloroethene) is a suitable material for this purpose.

Some polymers are polyesters.

What type of reaction takes place when polyesters are formed?

The repeating unit in a polyester molecule is shown in Figure 6.

This polymer is made from two different monomers.

Draw a molecule of each monomer showing all covalent bonds.

Give the name or formula of the small molecule formed when the monomer molecules react to form an ester link.