Developing new medicines

* Smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer.

Nicotine is given to people to help them quit smoking. The nicotine is supplied using different methods.

A study looked at the effectiveness of four of these methods.

A placebo was given to some people as part of the study. A placebo looks like the drug being tested but has no medical effect.

The bar chart shows the results.

What does the study show about the effectiveness of the different methods to help people to give up smoking?

In your answer:

• Compare the effectiveness of different methods.

• Explain the role of the placebo and what its results show.

• Use data to support your conclusions.

Smoking cigarettes can cause lung cancer.

Complete the sentences to explain why.

Use words from the list.

cell division
meiosis
mutation

protein synthesis reduction

Cigarettes contain cancer causing chemicals which can cause DNA........

This leads to uncontrolled........

Scientists test the effect of new drugs on the growth of a pathogen.

Which new drug has no effect on the growth of the pathogen?

Describe the relationship between health and disease.

HPV (human papilloma virus) causes cervical warts.

Fig. 13.1 is a diagram representing the size of HPV as it would be seen using an electron

The HPV shown in Fig. 13.1 has a diameter of 50 mm. The actual HPV has a diameter of 55 nanometres.

Calculate the magnification of the HPV shown in Fig. 13.1.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Magnification = ×........

Women can be given a vaccine to protect against HPV.

Explain why the vaccine produces an immune response to HPV but does not cause cervical warts.

Describe two ways scientists test new vaccines to ensure they are safe for humans.

New drugs are tested using preclinical trials.

Which statement describes a preclinical trial?

A One group of volunteers are given a placebo, another group the drug.

B The drug is tested on human cells.

C Volunteers are given a placebo only.

D Volunteers are given the new drug.

Testing drugs using a double blind trial improves reliability.

Why is reliability improved?

A Observer and volunteer bias is not removed.

B Observer and volunteer bias is removed.

C Volunteer bias is removed but not observer bias.

D Observer bias is removed but not volunteer bias.