Health, lifestyle & risk factors

Which row shows how a high cholesterol diet is linked to cardiovascular disease?

The deaths in one country from different diseases were measured over a 40-year period.

Lifestyle and living conditions in this country changed during the 40 years of the study.

The graph shows the number of deaths per 100 000 of the population for each disease.

The diseases can be grouped into communicable and non-communicable diseases. The graph shows the trends of these two different types of disease over the 40-year period.

Complete the sentences explaining these trends shown in the graph.

Communicable diseases have........

Non-communicable diseases have........

Suggest how lifestyle and living conditions in this country might have changed to cause the trends shown in the graph.

To calculate the death rate in a given year, the following formula is used:

In 1972, the population was 55 million. The death rate from coronary heart disease was 28 deaths per 100 000 people.

Calculate the number of deaths from coronary heart disease in 1972.

The immune system provides a defence against bacterial diseases like TB (tuberculosis).

Part of this defence involves the production of antibodies.

Describe how antibodies help defend the body. Use ideas about antigens in your answer.

What does a vaccination contain and why does it protect the body from infection?

Vaccinations contain........

Vaccinations protect the body because........

The graph shows the link between smoking cigarettes and lung cancer.

The average number of cigarettes smoked per person starts to fall in 1975.

How many years later did the number of lung cancer deaths also start to fall?

A 5

B 10

C 15

D 20

This question is about diseases.

Complete the table to compare some different diseases.

Tick (✓) five boxes.

Tuberculosis has been done for you.

TB is a disease of the lungs. TB is transmitted by breathing in when an infected person near you coughs or sneezes.

One way to prevent the spread of TB is vaccination.

Describe two other ways you could prevent the spread of TB.

There are many diseases and disorders of the circulatory system.

Some blood cell disorders can affect the function of white blood cells or red blood cells.

Suggest two effects on the body if either white blood cells or red blood cells are prevented from working efficiently.

Cardiovascular diseases affect the heart.

Which lifestyle factor can increase a person’s chance of developing cardiovascular disease?

Tick (✓) one box.

*(c) The cornea is the front part of the eye that allows in light. The layers of cells in the cornea are similar to the cells in skin layers, the difference is that they have become transparent to allow the light through.

Scientists are now using stem cell technology for treating damage to the cornea to restore vision.

Describe how stem cells could be used in the treatment of damage to the cornea and any possible risks involved in this type of treatment.

The graph shows the link between smoking cigarettes and lung cancer.

The average number of cigarettes smoked per person starts to fall in 1975.

How many years later did the number of lung cancer deaths also start to fall?

A 5

B 10

C 15

D 20

Scientists studied a population of men. They grouped the men by their blood cholesterol levels.

The chart shows the percentage of the population in each blood cholesterol level group. It also shows the men in each group that died from heart disease as a percentage of the whole population that died from heart disease.

What conclusions can be made from the data in the chart?

Calculate the ratio for percentage of total heart disease deaths for blood cholesterol <5.0 mmol / dm³ compared to those 5.0 mmol / dm³ or greater.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) involves giving oestrogen to women.

A group of scientists did a double-blind study of 643 women given either HRT or a placebo.

The study followed-up these women after five years. It showed reduced build-up of cholesterol in the arteries of women given HRT.

The scientists made this conclusion:

Women on HRT may be at less risk from heart disease.

Explain why HRT could reduce the risk of heart disease.

The reduced build-up of cholesterol observed during the study might not be large enough to have an impact on a person’s risk from heart disease.

What change could be made to the study to gain enough evidence to support the conclusion?

Oestrogen is known to interfere with the cell cycle, increasing the rate of mitosis.

Suggest why HRT might increase the risk of breast cancer.

Name one lifestyle change someone could make that could also reduce the risk of heart disease.

The graph in Fig. 14.1 shows the level of glucose and insulin from a person with Type 2 diabetes over a four hour time period.

Write down two ways the graph in Fig. 14.1 shows that the person has Type 2 diabetes, not Type 1.

The graph in Fig. 14.2 shows the increase in Type 2 diabetes over a 10-year period.

What factor does the graph in Fig. 14.2 indicate is linked to an increase in Type 2 diabetes?

Suggest one lifestyle change that could reduce this factor and avoid a person developing Type 2 diabetes.

The more salt you eat, the more salt will be found in the urine you make.

The graph shows the relationship between the amount of salt in urine and blood pressure.

Which statement is supported by the data?

A High blood pressure leads to an increased risk of developing heart disease.

B Less salt in the diet can lead to higher blood pressure.

C Less salt in the diet can lead to lower blood pressure.

D Low blood pressure leads to an increased risk of developing heart disease.

There were 452 222 adult deaths in England in 2009.

It is estimated that 81 400 of these adult deaths were caused by smoking.

What percentage of adult deaths were caused by smoking in England in 2009?

A 0.18%

B 5.6%

C 18%

D 56%