AQA GCSE Psychology Paper 1: Cognition and behaviour November 2021 question paper 8182/1

Oscar is learning both French and Spanish at school. Sometimes he gets confused and uses French words when he is speaking Spanish.

Which of the following factors best explains the problem Oscar is experiencing?

Shade one box.

What is meant by ‘storage’ as a process of memory?

Read the following information.

Outline the process of encoding. Refer to Libby and Yasir’s conversation in your answer.

Describe and evaluate the multi-store model of memory.

Bartlett investigated the idea that memory is an active process. He gave each participant a Native American Indian story called ‘War of the Ghosts’. He then asked each participant to retell this story several times. He found that participants changed parts of the story when they retold it.

Evaluate Bartlett’s ‘War of the Ghosts’ study.

Read the following information.

Calculate what fraction of the photos shown to each participant were fake.

The researcher had to choose the order in which to show a set of five photos.

Describe how the researcher could have used randomisation to decide the order.

Objects that are closer in your visual field appear larger than those that are further away.

Which one of the following causes this?

Shade one box.

Objects that are closer in your visual field can cover part of another object that is further away.

Which one of the following causes this?

Shade one box.

What is meant by perception?

Read the following information.

Figure 1 shows the Müller-Lyer illusion. The two vertical lines labelled a and b are the same length but sometimes people incorrectly perceive that line b is longer than line a.

A psychologist investigated whether the environment in which people lived affected how they perceived the Müller-Lyer illusion. He tested two groups of participants; there were 50 participants in each group.

Group 1 lived in a city environment so were used to seeing square buildings around them. Group 2 lived in a rainforest environment so were not used to seeing square buildings around them.

He asked each participant if the two vertical lines were the same length.

The results of the study are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: The number of participants in each group who incorrectly perceived the Müller-Lyer illusion.

Calculate the percentage of participants in Group 2 who incorrectly perceived the Müller-Lyer illusion.

State your answer rounded to one significant figure. Show your workings.

What is the ratio of participants who incorrectly perceived the Müller-Lyer illusion in Group 1 compared to Group 2?

Write this ratio in its simplest form.

Outline one conclusion about the participants’ perception of the Müller-Lyer illusion that the researcher could draw from his results.

How can this conclusion be explained using Gregory’s constructivist theory of perception?

Figure 2 shows the Necker cube illusion.

Outline how psychologists would explain the Necker cube illusion.

Describe Gilchrist and Nesberg’s study into how motivation affects perception.

Evaluate the research method used in this study.

Research suggests that nature plays a role in early brain development.

Which of the following is a way that nature can affect brain development?

Shade one box only.

Which of the following best describes the function of the cortex?

Shade one box only.

Read the following information.

Briefly describe Piaget’s concept of accommodation.

According to this concept, how will her dad’s explanation affect Megan’s understanding of horses?

Read the following information.

Briefly describe Piaget’s concept of conservation.

Refer to Ibrahim in your answer.

McGarrigle and Donaldson investigated conservation in the ‘naughty teddy study’.

Describe and evaluate this study.

You have been asked to compare the effects of using different learning styles to revise the structure of the brain. Describe how you would design an experiment to do this.

You need to include:

• the tasks participants would be asked to do to revise the structure of the brain using a verbaliser and a visualiser learning style

• one example of a standardised procedure that you would use and a justification for why this should be used

• one ethical consideration you would need to address and how you would deal with this.

Willingham has criticised the use of learning styles.

Briefly outline his criticism of learning styles.

Which of the following is most likely to give secondary data?

Shade one box.

Which of the following sets of data is normally distributed?

Shade one box only.

Read the following information.

Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

Identify the dependent variable in this experiment.

Write a null hypothesis that the researcher can use in this experiment.

Table 2: Total number of days missed by 190 Year 9 students in the early and late start conditions.

Table 2 shows the total number of days missed by 190 Year 9 students in the early and late start conditions.

Calculate the mean number of days missed by students in the late start condition.

Show your workings.

The mean for the early start condition was 1.4

Use this mean and your calculated mean from question 22.4 to sketch a suitable graph to show the mean number of days missed by each student in the early and late start conditions.

Label the axes and provide a suitable title for your graph.

The researcher used a repeated measures experimental design. He also used counterbalancing.

Explain why researchers often use counterbalancing with a repeated measures experimental design.

This study is an example of a field experiment.

Evaluate the use of field experiments in psychological research.

The psychologist wanted to interview a sample of the students in his experiment to find out how they felt about starting school earlier and later in the day. He thought about using either opportunity or systematic sampling to get his sample of students.

Outline both opportunity and systematic sampling.

Compare the use of these sampling methods using your knowledge of their strengths and/or weaknesses.