Coronary heart disease

This question is about disease.

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease.

Which is a symptom of gonorrhoea?

Tick (✓) one box.

Table 2 shows the number of reported cases of gonorrhoea for 5 cities.

The number of cases of gonorrhoea in each city might not be accurate.

Suggest one reason why.

Which is the best way to present the data from Table 2 ?

Tick (✓) one box.

The data is given as per 100 000 of the population and not as the total number of people with gonorrhoea.

Suggest why.

Deposits can form in coronary arteries.

The deposits are called plaques.

Plaques cause damage to the arteries.

Figure 6 shows plaques in a coronary artery.

Which two factors increase the risk of plaques forming in the coronary artery?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Which treatment can be used for the plaques in Figure 6 ?

Tick (✓) one box.

A heart attack can happen when plaques block a coronary artery.

During a heart attack muscle cells in the heart die.

Explain how the blockage can lead to the death of muscle cells in the heart.

Angina is a condition many people get as coronary heart disease (CHD) develops.

Angina can cause chest pain and tiredness.

People with angina are sometimes treated with a drug called GTN.

GTN widens the coronary arteries.

Explain:

• the causes and symptoms of angina

• how GTN reduces the symptoms of angina.

This question is about the heart.

Why is the heart described as an organ?

Valves in the heart keep the blood flowing through the heart in one direction. Figure 11 shows the heart with one of the valves labelled.

Explain the effects on a person if the valve labelled in Figure 11 developed a leak.

Faulty heart valves can be replaced using biological or mechanical valves. The faulty valve is replaced during an operation. Biological valves:

• are from animals or human donors

• allow blood to flow through them normally

• wear out and stiffen over time, so may need to be replaced.

Mechanical valves:

• are made from synthetic materials

• may cause blood clots on the surface of the valve

• require anti-clotting drugs to be taken for the rest of the patient’s life

• can last for a very long time in ideal conditions.

A young woman enjoys extreme sports and would like to start a family. The woman needs a heart valve replacing.

Describe the advantages and disadvantages for this young woman of having a biological heart valve instead of a mechanical heart valve.

Figure 5 shows the human heart.

Which blood vessel transports blood with the highest oxygen concentration into the heart? Tick (✓) one box.

Blood pressure is a measure of the force of the blood against the walls of the blood vessels. Which blood vessel transports blood at the highest pressure? Tick (✓) one box.

What is the correct order for blood flowing through the heart to the lungs? Tick (✓) one box.

Every year thousands of people in the UK have heart attacks.

A heart attack is caused when the heart muscle cells do not get enough oxygen, causing the cells to die.

Statins and stents are two treatments used to reduce the risk of someone having a heart attack. Evaluate the use of statins compared with the use of a stent to reduce the risk of a heart attack.

Many people who survive a heart attack get out of breath easily when they exercise gently. Explain why heart attack survivors get out of breath easily.

Scientists have developed patches of beating heart cells to repair damaged

heart tissue. The patches are placed onto areas of the heart where cells have died. New cells grow to replace the dead cells. The patches are made using a person’s own cells that are converted into stem cells.

Explain why stem cells are used to make the patches.

The scientists could have used human embryonic stem cells to make the patches. Give two advantages of using stem cells made from the person’s own cells, rather than using embryonic stem cells.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a non-communicable disease.

CHD is caused when fatty material builds up in the coronary arteries.

Explain what a non-communicable disease is.

Figure 14 shows a coronary artery of someone with CHD.

Explain how CHD can cause a heart attack.

Explain how lifestyle and medical risk factors increase the chance of developing CHD.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a non-communicable disease. CHD is caused when fatty material builds up in the coronary arteries.

Explain what a non-communicable disease is.

Figure 4 shows a coronary artery of someone with CHD.

Explain how CHD can cause a heart attack.

Explain how lifestyle and medical risk factors increase the chance of developing CHD.