Physical and chemical barriers

Chickenpox is an infectious disease that affects young children.

One symptom of chickenpox is small blisters on the skin.

Suggest one way chickenpox spreads from an infected person to other people.

Chickenpox is caused by a type of pathogen that cannot be treated with antibiotics.

Give the reason why chickenpox cannot be treated with antibiotics.

A vaccine that could be used to protect against chickenpox has been produced.

What does a vaccine contain that causes a person to become immune to a disease?

Give three reasons why a new vaccine must be tested.

Explain how a vaccine for chickenpox gives immunity against the disease.

You should refer to how the body responds to:

• the vaccine

• chickenpox pathogens that enter the body after vaccination.

Chickenpox is an infectious disease that affects young children.

One symptom of chickenpox is small blisters on the skin.

Suggest one way chickenpox spreads from an infected person to other people.

Chickenpox is caused by a type of pathogen that cannot be treated with antibiotics.

Give the reason why chickenpox cannot be treated with antibiotics.

A vaccine that could be used to protect against chickenpox has been produced.

What does a vaccine contain that causes a person to become immune to a disease?

Give three reasons why a new vaccine must be tested.

Explain how a vaccine for chickenpox gives immunity against the disease.

You should refer to how the body responds to:

• the vaccine

• chickenpox pathogens that enter the body after vaccination.

This question is about communicable diseases.

Measles is a communicable disease caused by a pathogen.

What type of microorganism causes measles?

Vaccinations help reduce the spread of measles.

Suggest two ways the spread of measles can be reduced.

Do not refer to vaccination in your answer.

Describe how the measles vaccine helps a person to become immune to the measles pathogen.

Norovirus is a type of virus.

Explain how viruses cause illness.

Drugs can help to reduce the symptoms of the norovirus infection.

New drugs must go through clinical trials before being licensed for use.

Give three reasons why clinical trials are needed.

Bacteria can cause a variety of diseases in humans.

What are two similarities between a bacterial cell and an animal cell?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Salmonella food poisoning is caused by bacteria in food.

Give one symptom of salmonella food poisoning.

Do not refer to vomiting or diarrhoea in your answer.

What is the name of the first antibiotic developed?

A child with a severe bacterial infection was given a course of antibiotics.

Figure 7 shows how the concentration of live bacteria in the child’s body changed when taking the course of antibiotics.

The concentration of live bacteria in the body continued to increase after starting the course of antibiotics.

Suggest one reason why.

After 3 days of taking the antibiotic:

• the child felt better

• there were still bacteria in the child’s body.

Why did the child feel better?

Tick (✓) one box.

Suggest why doctors do not give antibiotics to patients with minor infections.

Figure 8 shows blood viewed using a microscope.

A vaccine will stimulate the production of antibodies.

Which part of the blood in Figure 8 produces antibodies?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which part of the blood in Figure 8 starts the clotting process?

Tick (✓) one box.

Bacteria can cause a variety of diseases in humans.

What are two similarities between a bacterial cell and an animal cell? Tick (✓) two boxes.

Salmonella food poisoning is caused by bacteria in food. Give one symptom of salmonella food poisoning. Do not refer to vomiting or diarrhoea in your answer.

What is the name of the first antibiotic developed?

A child with a severe bacterial infection was given a course of antibiotics.

Figure 1 shows how the concentration of live bacteria in the child’s body changed when taking the course of antibiotics.

The concentration of live bacteria in the body continued to increase after starting the course of antibiotics. Suggest one reason why.

After 3 days of taking the antibiotic:

• the child felt better

• there were still bacteria in the child’s body.

Why did the child feel better? Tick (✓) one box.

Suggest why doctors do not give antibiotics to patients with minor infections.

Figure 2 shows blood viewed using a microscope.

A vaccine will stimulate the production of antibodies. Which part of the blood in Figure 2 produces antibodies? Tick (✓) one box.

Which part of the blood in Figure 2 starts the clotting process? Tick (✓) one box.

Pathogens cause infectious diseases.

Draw one line from each disease to the type of pathogen that causes the disease.

The body defends itself against pathogens in different ways.

Give two ways that the body prevents pathogens entering the body.

If pathogens do enter the body the immune system tries to destroy the pathogens. Describe how the immune system defends the body against disease.

Give one reason why antibiotics cannot be used to treat HIV infections.

Give two ways to prevent the spread of HIV.

Some people with a HIV infection develop AIDS. Some people with AIDS may die from a different type of infection, such as a chest infection.

Why do people with AIDS die from a different type of infection? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 1 shows one type of white blood cell.

What is structure A ?

Tick one box.

White blood cells help to defend the body against pathogens.

How do the white blood cells do this?

Tick three boxes.

Measles is a serious disease. A person can die from measles.

Figure 2 shows the number of cases of measles in England and Wales between 2012 and 2015

Use Figure 2 to calculate the decrease in the number of cases of measles between 2012 and 2015

Suggest one reason for the decrease in the number of cases of measles between 2012 and 2015

Antibiotics cannot be used to treat measles.

Suggest why.

Gonorrhoea is a disease caused by a bacterium.

Gonorrhoea can be treated with antibiotics.

Give one other way to control the spread of gonorrhoea.

A scientist investigated how effective different antibiotics were at killing gonorrhoea bacteria.

This is the method used.

1. Grow gonorrhoea bacteria on agar in a Petri dish.

2. Place one paper disc soaked in water onto the agar.

3. Place four other paper discs, each soaked in a different antibiotic, A, B, C, and D onto the agar.

4. Use the same sized paper discs and the same concentration of each antibiotic.

5. Incubate the Petri dish for 3 days.

Figure 3 shows the scientist’s results.

A clear area around the disc means the antibiotic has killed the bacteria.

Give one control variable the scientist used.

Suggest why one disc was soaked in water.

Which antibiotic in Figure 3 would be the best to treat gonorrhoea?

Give a reason for your answer.