Health, lifestyle & risk factors

This question is about disease.

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease.

Which is a symptom of gonorrhoea?

Tick (✓) one box.

Table 2 shows the number of reported cases of gonorrhoea for 5 cities.

The number of cases of gonorrhoea in each city might not be accurate.

Suggest one reason why.

Which is the best way to present the data from Table 2 ?

Tick (✓) one box.

The data is given as per 100 000 of the population and not as the total number of people with gonorrhoea.

Suggest why.

Deposits can form in coronary arteries.

The deposits are called plaques.

Plaques cause damage to the arteries.

Figure 6 shows plaques in a coronary artery.

Which two factors increase the risk of plaques forming in the coronary artery?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Which treatment can be used for the plaques in Figure 6 ?

Tick (✓) one box.

A heart attack can happen when plaques block a coronary artery.

During a heart attack muscle cells in the heart die.

Explain how the blockage can lead to the death of muscle cells in the heart.

Communicable and non-communicable diseases are major causes of ill health.

Which disease is a non-communicable disease?

Tick (✓) one box.

Obesity is a risk factor for many non-communicable diseases.

Give one non-communicable disease that obesity is a risk factor for.

Do not refer to the diseases given in Question 06.1 in your answer.

National policies are used to help people who are obese to lose weight.

One national policy is to reduce the amount of sugar added to food and drinks.

Suggest one other national policy that could help people to lose weight.

Body mass index (BMI) is one measure of obesity.

BMI is calculated using the equation:

Table 4 shows how BMI is used to describe an adult’s BMI category.

A person is 1.64 m tall and has a mass of 69 kg.

Determine the BMI category for this person.

Use the BMI equation and Table 4.

The person’s BMI category is

Scientists investigated the effect of smoking and of BMI on the birth mass of babies.

Women’s BMI categories were determined before the women became pregnant.

Suggest why BMI categories were determined before the women became pregnant.

Figure 9 shows the results.

Give two conclusions that can be made from Figure 9.

Measles is a communicable disease.

A virus causes measles.

Describe how the measles virus is transferred from person to person.

Athlete’s foot is a communicable disease.

A fungus causes athlete’s foot.

The athlete’s foot fungus infects the skin on feet.

Scientists estimate that 17% of the UK population have athlete’s foot.

The estimated UK population is 67 961 900

Calculate how many people are estimated to have athlete’s foot.

Athlete’s foot fungus grows in moist conditions.

Suggest one way a person could reduce their chance of catching athlete’s foot.

Communicable and non-communicable diseases are major causes of ill health.

Which disease is a non-communicable disease?

Tick (✓) one box.

Obesity is a risk factor for many non-communicable diseases.

Give one non-communicable disease that obesity is a risk factor for.

Do not refer to the diseases given in Question 01.1 in your answer.

National policies are used to help people who are obese to lose weight.

One national policy is to reduce the amount of sugar added to food and drinks.

Suggest one other national policy that could help people to lose weight.

Body mass index (BMI) is one measure of obesity.

BMI is calculated using the equation:

Table 1 shows how BMI is used to describe an adult’s BMI category.

A person is 1.64 m tall and has a mass of 69 kg.

Determine the BMI category for this person.

Use the BMI equation and Table 1.

The person’s BMI category is

Scientists investigated the effect of smoking and of BMI on the birth mass of babies.

Women’s BMI categories were determined before the women became pregnant.

Suggest why BMI categories were determined before the women became pregnant.

Figure 1 shows the results.

Give two conclusions that can be made from Figure 1.

Measles is a communicable disease.

A virus causes measles.

Describe how the measles virus is transferred from person to person.

Athlete’s foot is a communicable disease.

A fungus causes athlete’s foot.

The athlete’s foot fungus infects the skin on feet.

Scientists estimate that 17% of the UK population have athlete’s foot.

The estimated UK population is 67 961 900

Calculate how many people are estimated to have athlete’s foot.

Athlete’s foot fungus grows in moist conditions.

Suggest one way a person could reduce their chance of catching athlete’s foot.

Cigarette smoking is the main cause of cancer in the UK.

Mutations in cells cause cancer.

Where in a cell do mutations happen?

Tick (✓) one box.

Why do some cancers develop into large tumours?

Tick (✓) one box.

Cigarette smoking has been linked to many different types of cancer.

Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer caused by smoking.

Suggest one reason why.

A person with lung cancer can develop secondary cancers in other parts of the body.

Describe how this can happen.

Sometimes a person may need a lung transplant.

The National Health Service (NHS) will not offer a lung transplant to a person who smokes.

Suggest one reason why.

Figure 6 shows data about skin cancer in males for different age groups in the UK.

The data shows the number of new cases of skin cancer in one year.

How many more new cases of skin cancer are there in males aged 40 to 44 than in males aged 15 to 19?

There are no new cases of skin cancer diagnosed in males younger than 15 years of age.

Suggest one reason why.

Give one conclusion from the data in Figure 6.

Survival rates for all types of cancers have improved over the last 20 years.

Suggest two reasons why.

Being overweight can affect the health and life expectancy of a person.

What is one lifestyle change a person could make to help them lose body mass? Tick (✓) one box.

Exercise has many health benefits. Give two health benefits of regular exercise. Do not refer to losing body mass in your answer.

During exercise, breathing rate increases to provide more oxygen for aerobic respiration.

What is the equation for aerobic respiration? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 1 shows the human breathing system.

Where does gas exchange take place? Tick (✓) one box.

A scientist investigated the effect of exercise on the breathing rate of four people. This is the method used.

1. Measure the resting breathing rate.

2. Exercise for 10 minutes.

3. Measure the breathing rate as soon as exercise stops.

4. Record the time taken for the breathing rate to return to the resting rate.

Table 1 shows the results.

The scientist concluded that person B was the fittest. Give two reasons that support the scientist’s conclusion. Use Table 1.

Suggest two reasons why the scientist’s conclusion may not be valid.

Give two changes that happen in the body during aerobic exercise. Do not refer to increased breathing rate in your answer.

Muscles respire anaerobically during vigorous exercise. Complete the sentences. Choose answers from the box.

Muscles respire anaerobically if they do not have

Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces.

Being overweight can affect the health and life expectancy of a person.

Give one disease related to being overweight.

Body mass index (BMI) helps to show if a person has a healthy body mass for their height. BMI is calculated using the equation:

A woman has a BMI of 27 and a body mass of 68.1 kg Calculate the woman’s height in metres.

Figure 4 shows a height-body mass chart for adults.

Which weight category describes the woman in Question 03.2 ? Tick (✓) one box.

People are encouraged to control their body mass with diet and exercise. Describe how the balance between the mass of food eaten and the amount of exercise a person does controls body mass.

During long periods of vigorous exercise the body respires anaerobically. Explain the changes that happen in the body during and after vigorous exercise.

Malaria is a disease transmitted by mosquitos.

Figure 9 shows information about the number of deaths from malaria.

Calculate the decrease in the number of deaths between 2000 and 2015.

Which time period shows the greatest decrease in the number of deaths?

Tick (✓) one box.

A student looked at Figure 9 and concluded that there were 800 000 deaths from malaria in 2002.

Suggest one reason why this conclusion might not be correct.

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

Tick (✓) one box.

Scientists are developing a vaccine against malaria.

Suggest how a vaccine against malaria could reduce the spread of the disease.

Give one way of controlling the spread of malaria.

Do not refer to a vaccine in your answer.

Figure 1 shows one type of white blood cell.

What is structure A ?

Tick one box.

White blood cells help to defend the body against pathogens.

How do the white blood cells do this?

Tick three boxes.

Measles is a serious disease. A person can die from measles.

Figure 2 shows the number of cases of measles in England and Wales between 2012 and 2015

Use Figure 2 to calculate the decrease in the number of cases of measles between 2012 and 2015

Suggest one reason for the decrease in the number of cases of measles between 2012 and 2015

Antibiotics cannot be used to treat measles.

Suggest why.

Gonorrhoea is a disease caused by a bacterium.

Gonorrhoea can be treated with antibiotics.

Give one other way to control the spread of gonorrhoea.

A scientist investigated how effective different antibiotics were at killing gonorrhoea bacteria.

This is the method used.

1. Grow gonorrhoea bacteria on agar in a Petri dish.

2. Place one paper disc soaked in water onto the agar.

3. Place four other paper discs, each soaked in a different antibiotic, A, B, C, and D onto the agar.

4. Use the same sized paper discs and the same concentration of each antibiotic.

5. Incubate the Petri dish for 3 days.

Figure 3 shows the scientist’s results.

A clear area around the disc means the antibiotic has killed the bacteria.

Give one control variable the scientist used.

Suggest why one disc was soaked in water.

Which antibiotic in Figure 3 would be the best to treat gonorrhoea?

Give a reason for your answer.

Exercise can improve health.

A student measured her breathing rate at rest, when walking and when jogging.

Figure 8 shows her results.

Compare the breathing rates when doing the three different activities.

Use values from Figure 8 in your answer.

Explain why the breathing rate changes when doing different activities.

Figure 9 shows the heart in the circulatory system.

The heart is a double pump.

Describe what this means.

Use Figure 9 to help you.

The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than the wall of the right ventricle.

Suggest one reason for this.

People are encouraged to exercise after recovering from a heart attack.

Suggest one reason why.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a non-communicable disease.

CHD is caused when fatty material builds up in the coronary arteries.

Explain what a non-communicable disease is.

Figure 14 shows a coronary artery of someone with CHD.

Explain how CHD can cause a heart attack.

Explain how lifestyle and medical risk factors increase the chance of developing CHD.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a non-communicable disease. CHD is caused when fatty material builds up in the coronary arteries.

Explain what a non-communicable disease is.

Figure 4 shows a coronary artery of someone with CHD.

Explain how CHD can cause a heart attack.

Explain how lifestyle and medical risk factors increase the chance of developing CHD.

Measles is a serious disease. A person can die from measles. Table 3 shows the number of medically confirmed cases of measles in England and Wales between 2012 and 2015

Suggest one reason why the actual number of cases of measles in England and Wales might be higher than is shown in Table 3

Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of medically confirmed cases of measles between 2012 and 2015

One reason for the decrease in the number of cases of measles is that more children were vaccinated against the disease. Vaccinating a large proportion of the population reduces the spread of the measles virus. Explain why.

Figure 8 shows the concentration of measles antibodies in the blood of a boy.

Explain the differences between antibody production after the vaccine injection and after exposure to the measles virus. You should include data from Figure 8