Antibiotics

Chickenpox is an infectious disease that affects young children.

One symptom of chickenpox is small blisters on the skin.

Suggest one way chickenpox spreads from an infected person to other people.

Chickenpox is caused by a type of pathogen that cannot be treated with antibiotics.

Give the reason why chickenpox cannot be treated with antibiotics.

A vaccine that could be used to protect against chickenpox has been produced.

What does a vaccine contain that causes a person to become immune to a disease?

Give three reasons why a new vaccine must be tested.

Explain how a vaccine for chickenpox gives immunity against the disease.

You should refer to how the body responds to:

• the vaccine

• chickenpox pathogens that enter the body after vaccination.

Chickenpox is an infectious disease that affects young children.

One symptom of chickenpox is small blisters on the skin.

Suggest one way chickenpox spreads from an infected person to other people.

Chickenpox is caused by a type of pathogen that cannot be treated with antibiotics.

Give the reason why chickenpox cannot be treated with antibiotics.

A vaccine that could be used to protect against chickenpox has been produced.

What does a vaccine contain that causes a person to become immune to a disease?

Give three reasons why a new vaccine must be tested.

Explain how a vaccine for chickenpox gives immunity against the disease.

You should refer to how the body responds to:

• the vaccine

• chickenpox pathogens that enter the body after vaccination.

Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections.

Mutations in bacteria produce new strains.

Some strains of bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.

Where do mutations happen in a bacterial cell?

A scientist investigated which antibiotics (A, B, C, D and E) killed Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria.

This is the method used.

1. Grow S. aureus bacteria in a Petri dish.

2. Cut five small discs of paper.

3. Soak each paper disc in a different antibiotic solution.

4. Put the five paper discs into the Petri dish.

5. Keep the Petri dish at 37 °C for 24 hours.

Figure 9 shows the results.

A clear area around a disc shows where the bacteria have been killed.

The scientist concluded:

‘ S. aureus is resistant to antibiotics C and E ’.

Explain the evidence for this conclusion.

Use Figure 9.

The scientist later discovered that S. aureus is not resistant to antibiotic E.

Suggest how the method was developed and showed that S. aureus is not resistant to antibiotic E.

Broken bones are sometimes repaired using a metal implant.

The area around an implant can become infected with S. aureus bacteria. The infection is usually treated with a long-term course of antibiotics.

Long-term use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Research is being carried out into alternative treatments.

Stem cells from bone marrow and from fat tissue have antimicrobial properties.

A scientist investigated the effect of four treatments on the area of infection around metal implants. Each treatment was injected into the area around the implant.

The four treatments were:

• unreactive solution

• antibiotic solution

• stem cells from fat tissue

• stem cells from fat tissue containing antibiotic.

Each treatment was tested on 5 patients where an infection had developed around their metal implant.

After 7 days of treatment, the scientist calculated the ratio:

area of infection: total tissue area

What was the independent variable in this investigation?

Tick (✓) one box.

Suggest one advantage of using stem cells from fat tissue, rather than using stem cells from bone marrow.

Stem cells containing antibiotic were produced by growing the cells for 24 hours in a solution containing the antibiotic.

How did the antibiotic enter the stem cells from the solution?

Give a reason for your answer.

Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 10 shows the results.

What is the range of results for the treatment with stem cells only?

A student looked at the results and concluded:

‘Injections of stem cells containing antibiotic should be used to treat all implant-related infections’.

Evaluate the student’s conclusion.

Use Figure 10.

Bacteria can cause a variety of diseases in humans.

What are two similarities between a bacterial cell and an animal cell?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Salmonella food poisoning is caused by bacteria in food.

Give one symptom of salmonella food poisoning.

Do not refer to vomiting or diarrhoea in your answer.

What is the name of the first antibiotic developed?

A child with a severe bacterial infection was given a course of antibiotics.

Figure 7 shows how the concentration of live bacteria in the child’s body changed when taking the course of antibiotics.

The concentration of live bacteria in the body continued to increase after starting the course of antibiotics.

Suggest one reason why.

After 3 days of taking the antibiotic:

• the child felt better

• there were still bacteria in the child’s body.

Why did the child feel better?

Tick (✓) one box.

Suggest why doctors do not give antibiotics to patients with minor infections.

Figure 8 shows blood viewed using a microscope.

A vaccine will stimulate the production of antibodies.

Which part of the blood in Figure 8 produces antibodies?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which part of the blood in Figure 8 starts the clotting process?

Tick (✓) one box.

Bacteria can cause a variety of diseases in humans.

What are two similarities between a bacterial cell and an animal cell? Tick (✓) two boxes.

Salmonella food poisoning is caused by bacteria in food. Give one symptom of salmonella food poisoning. Do not refer to vomiting or diarrhoea in your answer.

What is the name of the first antibiotic developed?

A child with a severe bacterial infection was given a course of antibiotics.

Figure 1 shows how the concentration of live bacteria in the child’s body changed when taking the course of antibiotics.

The concentration of live bacteria in the body continued to increase after starting the course of antibiotics. Suggest one reason why.

After 3 days of taking the antibiotic:

• the child felt better

• there were still bacteria in the child’s body.

Why did the child feel better? Tick (✓) one box.

Suggest why doctors do not give antibiotics to patients with minor infections.

Figure 2 shows blood viewed using a microscope.

A vaccine will stimulate the production of antibodies. Which part of the blood in Figure 2 produces antibodies? Tick (✓) one box.

Which part of the blood in Figure 2 starts the clotting process? Tick (✓) one box.

Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.

Which substance is used as an antibiotic?

Tick (✓) one box.

Gonorrhoea and chlamydia are two sexually transmitted infections.

Gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections can be treated with antibiotics.

Give one symptom of gonorrhoea.

A scientist investigated which antibiotics were most effective at treating gonorrhoea

and chlamydia.

This is the method used.

1. Grow gonorrhoea bacteria in a Petri dish.

2. Prepare four different antibiotic solutions, A, B, C and D, of the same concentration.

3. Cut four filter paper discs to the same size.

4. Soak each paper disc in a different antibiotic solution.

5. Put the four paper discs into the Petri dish.

6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 using a Petri dish with chlamydia bacteria growing in it.

7. Keep both Petri dishes at 25 °C for 3 days.

Give two control variables used in this investigation.

Figure 2 shows the results.

A clear area around a paper disc is where the antibiotic has killed the bacteria.

Which antibiotic did not kill either type of bacterium?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which antibiotic would be the most effective to treat a person with a gonorrhoea infection?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which antibiotic would be the most effective to treat a person who had both gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections?

Tick (✓) one box.

Antibiotics cannot be used to treat HIV infections.

Suggest one reason why.

Fungi can cause an infection of the fingernails and toenails.

Fungal nail infections can spread from one person to another person.

Some people go to nail salons to have their nails shaped and painted.

Suggest one way workers in nail salons can reduce the risk of infections being spread.

Suggest one reason why fungal infection of toenails is more common than fungal infection of fingernails.

Pathogens cause infectious diseases.

Draw one line from each disease to the type of pathogen that causes the disease.

The body defends itself against pathogens in different ways.

Give two ways that the body prevents pathogens entering the body.

If pathogens do enter the body the immune system tries to destroy the pathogens. Describe how the immune system defends the body against disease.

Give one reason why antibiotics cannot be used to treat HIV infections.

Give two ways to prevent the spread of HIV.

Some people with a HIV infection develop AIDS. Some people with AIDS may die from a different type of infection, such as a chest infection.

Why do people with AIDS die from a different type of infection? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 1 shows one type of white blood cell.

What is structure A ?

Tick one box.

White blood cells help to defend the body against pathogens.

How do the white blood cells do this?

Tick three boxes.

Measles is a serious disease. A person can die from measles.

Figure 2 shows the number of cases of measles in England and Wales between 2012 and 2015

Use Figure 2 to calculate the decrease in the number of cases of measles between 2012 and 2015

Suggest one reason for the decrease in the number of cases of measles between 2012 and 2015

Antibiotics cannot be used to treat measles.

Suggest why.

Gonorrhoea is a disease caused by a bacterium.

Gonorrhoea can be treated with antibiotics.

Give one other way to control the spread of gonorrhoea.

A scientist investigated how effective different antibiotics were at killing gonorrhoea bacteria.

This is the method used.

1. Grow gonorrhoea bacteria on agar in a Petri dish.

2. Place one paper disc soaked in water onto the agar.

3. Place four other paper discs, each soaked in a different antibiotic, A, B, C, and D onto the agar.

4. Use the same sized paper discs and the same concentration of each antibiotic.

5. Incubate the Petri dish for 3 days.

Figure 3 shows the scientist’s results.

A clear area around the disc means the antibiotic has killed the bacteria.

Give one control variable the scientist used.

Suggest why one disc was soaked in water.

Which antibiotic in Figure 3 would be the best to treat gonorrhoea?

Give a reason for your answer.