Immunisation

Chickenpox is an infectious disease that affects young children.

One symptom of chickenpox is small blisters on the skin.

Suggest one way chickenpox spreads from an infected person to other people.

Chickenpox is caused by a type of pathogen that cannot be treated with antibiotics.

Give the reason why chickenpox cannot be treated with antibiotics.

A vaccine that could be used to protect against chickenpox has been produced.

What does a vaccine contain that causes a person to become immune to a disease?

Give three reasons why a new vaccine must be tested.

Explain how a vaccine for chickenpox gives immunity against the disease.

You should refer to how the body responds to:

• the vaccine

• chickenpox pathogens that enter the body after vaccination.

Chickenpox is an infectious disease that affects young children.

One symptom of chickenpox is small blisters on the skin.

Suggest one way chickenpox spreads from an infected person to other people.

Chickenpox is caused by a type of pathogen that cannot be treated with antibiotics.

Give the reason why chickenpox cannot be treated with antibiotics.

A vaccine that could be used to protect against chickenpox has been produced.

What does a vaccine contain that causes a person to become immune to a disease?

Give three reasons why a new vaccine must be tested.

Explain how a vaccine for chickenpox gives immunity against the disease.

You should refer to how the body responds to:

• the vaccine

• chickenpox pathogens that enter the body after vaccination.

This question is about communicable diseases.

Measles is a communicable disease caused by a pathogen.

What type of microorganism causes measles?

Vaccinations help reduce the spread of measles.

Suggest two ways the spread of measles can be reduced.

Do not refer to vaccination in your answer.

Describe how the measles vaccine helps a person to become immune to the measles pathogen.

Norovirus is a type of virus.

Explain how viruses cause illness.

Drugs can help to reduce the symptoms of the norovirus infection.

New drugs must go through clinical trials before being licensed for use.

Give three reasons why clinical trials are needed.

Cells are the basic units of all forms of life.

Describe four differences between a bacterial cell and a plant cell.

Gonorrhoea is a bacterial disease. A new vaccine is being developed against gonorrhoea. Describe how a vaccine would work to prevent gonorrhoea.

Another disease caused by bacteria is salmonella food poisoning. In the UK, chickens are vaccinated against Salmonella bacteria to reduce the number of cases of food poisoning in humans.

Explain how vaccinating chickens reduces the number of cases of salmonella food poisoning.

Give one way that the spread of salmonella food poisoning from one human to another is controlled. Do not refer to vaccination in your answer.

The number of cases of salmonella food poisoning is usually higher in summer than in winter. Suggest one reason why.

Malaria is a disease transmitted by mosquitos.

Figure 9 shows information about the number of deaths from malaria.

Calculate the decrease in the number of deaths between 2000 and 2015.

Which time period shows the greatest decrease in the number of deaths?

Tick (✓) one box.

A student looked at Figure 9 and concluded that there were 800 000 deaths from malaria in 2002.

Suggest one reason why this conclusion might not be correct.

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

Tick (✓) one box.

Scientists are developing a vaccine against malaria.

Suggest how a vaccine against malaria could reduce the spread of the disease.

Give one way of controlling the spread of malaria.

Do not refer to a vaccine in your answer.

Figure 1 shows one type of white blood cell.

What is structure A ?

Tick one box.

White blood cells help to defend the body against pathogens.

How do the white blood cells do this?

Tick three boxes.

Measles is a serious disease. A person can die from measles.

Figure 2 shows the number of cases of measles in England and Wales between 2012 and 2015

Use Figure 2 to calculate the decrease in the number of cases of measles between 2012 and 2015

Suggest one reason for the decrease in the number of cases of measles between 2012 and 2015

Antibiotics cannot be used to treat measles.

Suggest why.

Gonorrhoea is a disease caused by a bacterium.

Gonorrhoea can be treated with antibiotics.

Give one other way to control the spread of gonorrhoea.

A scientist investigated how effective different antibiotics were at killing gonorrhoea bacteria.

This is the method used.

1. Grow gonorrhoea bacteria on agar in a Petri dish.

2. Place one paper disc soaked in water onto the agar.

3. Place four other paper discs, each soaked in a different antibiotic, A, B, C, and D onto the agar.

4. Use the same sized paper discs and the same concentration of each antibiotic.

5. Incubate the Petri dish for 3 days.

Figure 3 shows the scientist’s results.

A clear area around the disc means the antibiotic has killed the bacteria.

Give one control variable the scientist used.

Suggest why one disc was soaked in water.

Which antibiotic in Figure 3 would be the best to treat gonorrhoea?

Give a reason for your answer.

Measles is a serious disease. A person can die from measles. Table 3 shows the number of medically confirmed cases of measles in England and Wales between 2012 and 2015

Suggest one reason why the actual number of cases of measles in England and Wales might be higher than is shown in Table 3

Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of medically confirmed cases of measles between 2012 and 2015

One reason for the decrease in the number of cases of measles is that more children were vaccinated against the disease. Vaccinating a large proportion of the population reduces the spread of the measles virus. Explain why.

Figure 8 shows the concentration of measles antibodies in the blood of a boy.

Explain the differences between antibody production after the vaccine injection and after exposure to the measles virus. You should include data from Figure 8