Communicable disease

Photosynthesis is important for plant growth.

A student used pondweed to investigate photosynthesis.

Figure 3 shows the apparatus used.

This is the method used.

1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 3.

2. Switch on the lamp.

3. After 1 hour, record the volume of oxygen collected in the measuring cylinder.

4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 a further four times, placing the lamp at different distances from the pondweed.

What are two control variables the student should use in the investigation?

Tick () two boxes.

Table 2 shows the results.

Describe the trend shown in Table 2.

Figure 4 shows the volume of oxygen when the lamp was 10 cm from the pondweed.

What volume of oxygen is shown in Figure 4 ?

The student repeated the investigation using a measuring cylinder with smaller

What did using smaller intervals improve?

Tick () one box.

The student did the investigation at 10 °C.

The student repeated the investigation at 20 °C.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

Compared to the results at 10 °C, the volumes of oxygen collected

in one hour at 20 °C would be.

Give a reason for your answer.

Photosynthesis is important for apple trees.

Figure 5 shows a section through the leaf of an apple tree.

What is tissue A ?

Tick () one box.

The cells in tissue A contain chloroplasts.

What is the name of the green chemical in chloroplasts?

Apple scab is a disease of apple trees.

Apple scab is caused by a fungus.

Figure 6 shows a leaf from an apple tree infected with apple scab fungus.

How could the fungal infection be removed from the tree?

Tick () one box.

Infection with apple scab fungus decreases the number of chloroplasts in the leaves.

Explain why apple trees with apple scab fungus produce smaller apples than apple trees that are not infected.

Chickenpox is an infectious disease that affects young children.

One symptom of chickenpox is small blisters on the skin.

Suggest one way chickenpox spreads from an infected person to other people.

Chickenpox is caused by a type of pathogen that cannot be treated with antibiotics.

Give the reason why chickenpox cannot be treated with antibiotics.

A vaccine that could be used to protect against chickenpox has been produced.

What does a vaccine contain that causes a person to become immune to a disease?

Give three reasons why a new vaccine must be tested.

Explain how a vaccine for chickenpox gives immunity against the disease.

You should refer to how the body responds to:

• the vaccine

• chickenpox pathogens that enter the body after vaccination.

Chickenpox is an infectious disease that affects young children.

One symptom of chickenpox is small blisters on the skin.

Suggest one way chickenpox spreads from an infected person to other people.

Chickenpox is caused by a type of pathogen that cannot be treated with antibiotics.

Give the reason why chickenpox cannot be treated with antibiotics.

A vaccine that could be used to protect against chickenpox has been produced.

What does a vaccine contain that causes a person to become immune to a disease?

Give three reasons why a new vaccine must be tested.

Explain how a vaccine for chickenpox gives immunity against the disease.

You should refer to how the body responds to:

• the vaccine

• chickenpox pathogens that enter the body after vaccination.

This question is about disease.

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease.

Which is a symptom of gonorrhoea?

Tick (✓) one box.

Table 2 shows the number of reported cases of gonorrhoea for 5 cities.

The number of cases of gonorrhoea in each city might not be accurate.

Suggest one reason why.

Which is the best way to present the data from Table 2 ?

Tick (✓) one box.

The data is given as per 100 000 of the population and not as the total number of people with gonorrhoea.

Suggest why.

Deposits can form in coronary arteries.

The deposits are called plaques.

Plaques cause damage to the arteries.

Figure 6 shows plaques in a coronary artery.

Which two factors increase the risk of plaques forming in the coronary artery?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Which treatment can be used for the plaques in Figure 6 ?

Tick (✓) one box.

A heart attack can happen when plaques block a coronary artery.

During a heart attack muscle cells in the heart die.

Explain how the blockage can lead to the death of muscle cells in the heart.

This question is about communicable diseases.

Measles is a communicable disease caused by a pathogen.

What type of microorganism causes measles?

Vaccinations help reduce the spread of measles.

Suggest two ways the spread of measles can be reduced.

Do not refer to vaccination in your answer.

Describe how the measles vaccine helps a person to become immune to the measles pathogen.

Norovirus is a type of virus.

Explain how viruses cause illness.

Drugs can help to reduce the symptoms of the norovirus infection.

New drugs must go through clinical trials before being licensed for use.

Give three reasons why clinical trials are needed.

Communicable and non-communicable diseases are major causes of ill health.

Which disease is a non-communicable disease?

Tick (✓) one box.

Obesity is a risk factor for many non-communicable diseases.

Give one non-communicable disease that obesity is a risk factor for.

Do not refer to the diseases given in Question 06.1 in your answer.

National policies are used to help people who are obese to lose weight.

One national policy is to reduce the amount of sugar added to food and drinks.

Suggest one other national policy that could help people to lose weight.

Body mass index (BMI) is one measure of obesity.

BMI is calculated using the equation:

Table 4 shows how BMI is used to describe an adult’s BMI category.

A person is 1.64 m tall and has a mass of 69 kg.

Determine the BMI category for this person.

Use the BMI equation and Table 4.

The person’s BMI category is

Scientists investigated the effect of smoking and of BMI on the birth mass of babies.

Women’s BMI categories were determined before the women became pregnant.

Suggest why BMI categories were determined before the women became pregnant.

Figure 9 shows the results.

Give two conclusions that can be made from Figure 9.

Measles is a communicable disease.

A virus causes measles.

Describe how the measles virus is transferred from person to person.

Athlete’s foot is a communicable disease.

A fungus causes athlete’s foot.

The athlete’s foot fungus infects the skin on feet.

Scientists estimate that 17% of the UK population have athlete’s foot.

The estimated UK population is 67 961 900

Calculate how many people are estimated to have athlete’s foot.

Athlete’s foot fungus grows in moist conditions.

Suggest one way a person could reduce their chance of catching athlete’s foot.

Communicable and non-communicable diseases are major causes of ill health.

Which disease is a non-communicable disease?

Tick (✓) one box.

Obesity is a risk factor for many non-communicable diseases.

Give one non-communicable disease that obesity is a risk factor for.

Do not refer to the diseases given in Question 01.1 in your answer.

National policies are used to help people who are obese to lose weight.

One national policy is to reduce the amount of sugar added to food and drinks.

Suggest one other national policy that could help people to lose weight.

Body mass index (BMI) is one measure of obesity.

BMI is calculated using the equation:

Table 1 shows how BMI is used to describe an adult’s BMI category.

A person is 1.64 m tall and has a mass of 69 kg.

Determine the BMI category for this person.

Use the BMI equation and Table 1.

The person’s BMI category is

Scientists investigated the effect of smoking and of BMI on the birth mass of babies.

Women’s BMI categories were determined before the women became pregnant.

Suggest why BMI categories were determined before the women became pregnant.

Figure 1 shows the results.

Give two conclusions that can be made from Figure 1.

Measles is a communicable disease.

A virus causes measles.

Describe how the measles virus is transferred from person to person.

Athlete’s foot is a communicable disease.

A fungus causes athlete’s foot.

The athlete’s foot fungus infects the skin on feet.

Scientists estimate that 17% of the UK population have athlete’s foot.

The estimated UK population is 67 961 900

Calculate how many people are estimated to have athlete’s foot.

Athlete’s foot fungus grows in moist conditions.

Suggest one way a person could reduce their chance of catching athlete’s foot.

This question is about disease.

Rose black spot is a disease where black spots develop on the leaves of rose plants.

What type of pathogen causes rose black spot disease?

Tick (✓) one box.

Plants with rose black spot disease often have yellow leaves.

Suggest one reason why the leaves are yellow instead of green.

Explain why plants with yellow leaves grow slowly.

The spread of rose black spot can be controlled using different methods.

Draw one line from each method of control to the explanation of how it works.

Method of control
Explanation

Tobacco plants may become infected with a pathogen called TMV.

What type of pathogen is TMV?

Tick (✓) one box.

Malaria is a disease caused by a protist.

How is the malaria pathogen transferred to humans?

How can the spread of malaria pathogens be reduced?

Tick (✓) one box.

Bacteria can cause a variety of diseases in humans.

What are two similarities between a bacterial cell and an animal cell?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Salmonella food poisoning is caused by bacteria in food.

Give one symptom of salmonella food poisoning.

Do not refer to vomiting or diarrhoea in your answer.

What is the name of the first antibiotic developed?

A child with a severe bacterial infection was given a course of antibiotics.

Figure 7 shows how the concentration of live bacteria in the child’s body changed when taking the course of antibiotics.

The concentration of live bacteria in the body continued to increase after starting the course of antibiotics.

Suggest one reason why.

After 3 days of taking the antibiotic:

• the child felt better

• there were still bacteria in the child’s body.

Why did the child feel better?

Tick (✓) one box.

Suggest why doctors do not give antibiotics to patients with minor infections.

Figure 8 shows blood viewed using a microscope.

A vaccine will stimulate the production of antibodies.

Which part of the blood in Figure 8 produces antibodies?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which part of the blood in Figure 8 starts the clotting process?

Tick (✓) one box.

Bacteria can cause a variety of diseases in humans.

What are two similarities between a bacterial cell and an animal cell? Tick (✓) two boxes.

Salmonella food poisoning is caused by bacteria in food. Give one symptom of salmonella food poisoning. Do not refer to vomiting or diarrhoea in your answer.

What is the name of the first antibiotic developed?

A child with a severe bacterial infection was given a course of antibiotics.

Figure 1 shows how the concentration of live bacteria in the child’s body changed when taking the course of antibiotics.

The concentration of live bacteria in the body continued to increase after starting the course of antibiotics. Suggest one reason why.

After 3 days of taking the antibiotic:

• the child felt better

• there were still bacteria in the child’s body.

Why did the child feel better? Tick (✓) one box.

Suggest why doctors do not give antibiotics to patients with minor infections.

Figure 2 shows blood viewed using a microscope.

A vaccine will stimulate the production of antibodies. Which part of the blood in Figure 2 produces antibodies? Tick (✓) one box.

Which part of the blood in Figure 2 starts the clotting process? Tick (✓) one box.

Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.

Which substance is used as an antibiotic?

Tick (✓) one box.

Gonorrhoea and chlamydia are two sexually transmitted infections.

Gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections can be treated with antibiotics.

Give one symptom of gonorrhoea.

A scientist investigated which antibiotics were most effective at treating gonorrhoea

and chlamydia.

This is the method used.

1. Grow gonorrhoea bacteria in a Petri dish.

2. Prepare four different antibiotic solutions, A, B, C and D, of the same concentration.

3. Cut four filter paper discs to the same size.

4. Soak each paper disc in a different antibiotic solution.

5. Put the four paper discs into the Petri dish.

6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 using a Petri dish with chlamydia bacteria growing in it.

7. Keep both Petri dishes at 25 °C for 3 days.

Give two control variables used in this investigation.

Figure 2 shows the results.

A clear area around a paper disc is where the antibiotic has killed the bacteria.

Which antibiotic did not kill either type of bacterium?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which antibiotic would be the most effective to treat a person with a gonorrhoea infection?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which antibiotic would be the most effective to treat a person who had both gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections?

Tick (✓) one box.

Antibiotics cannot be used to treat HIV infections.

Suggest one reason why.

Fungi can cause an infection of the fingernails and toenails.

Fungal nail infections can spread from one person to another person.

Some people go to nail salons to have their nails shaped and painted.

Suggest one way workers in nail salons can reduce the risk of infections being spread.

Suggest one reason why fungal infection of toenails is more common than fungal infection of fingernails.

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases. Gonorrhoea, malaria and measles are three diseases in humans.

Draw one line from each disease to the pathogen that causes the disease.

Malaria is transmitted by mosquitos. Male mosquitos can be sterilised so they are infertile. The spread of malaria is reduced by releasing sterile mosquitos into the environment. Explain how releasing sterile mosquitos reduces the spread of malaria.

Pathogens also cause diseases in plants. Figure 4 shows a rose black spot fungal spore and a tobacco mosaic virus.

Name the piece of equipment used to view the virus.

How many times longer is the fungal spore than the virus? Use Figure 4.

Explain why plants infected with tobacco mosaic virus grow slowly.

Pathogens cause infectious diseases.

Draw one line from each disease to the type of pathogen that causes the disease.

The body defends itself against pathogens in different ways.

Give two ways that the body prevents pathogens entering the body.

If pathogens do enter the body the immune system tries to destroy the pathogens. Describe how the immune system defends the body against disease.

Give one reason why antibiotics cannot be used to treat HIV infections.

Give two ways to prevent the spread of HIV.

Some people with a HIV infection develop AIDS. Some people with AIDS may die from a different type of infection, such as a chest infection.

Why do people with AIDS die from a different type of infection? Tick (✓) one box.

Cells are the basic units of all forms of life.

Describe four differences between a bacterial cell and a plant cell.

Gonorrhoea is a bacterial disease. A new vaccine is being developed against gonorrhoea. Describe how a vaccine would work to prevent gonorrhoea.

Another disease caused by bacteria is salmonella food poisoning. In the UK, chickens are vaccinated against Salmonella bacteria to reduce the number of cases of food poisoning in humans.

Explain how vaccinating chickens reduces the number of cases of salmonella food poisoning.

Give one way that the spread of salmonella food poisoning from one human to another is controlled. Do not refer to vaccination in your answer.

The number of cases of salmonella food poisoning is usually higher in summer than in winter. Suggest one reason why.

Malaria is a disease transmitted by mosquitos.

Figure 9 shows information about the number of deaths from malaria.

Calculate the decrease in the number of deaths between 2000 and 2015.

Which time period shows the greatest decrease in the number of deaths?

Tick (✓) one box.

A student looked at Figure 9 and concluded that there were 800 000 deaths from malaria in 2002.

Suggest one reason why this conclusion might not be correct.

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

Tick (✓) one box.

Scientists are developing a vaccine against malaria.

Suggest how a vaccine against malaria could reduce the spread of the disease.

Give one way of controlling the spread of malaria.

Do not refer to a vaccine in your answer.

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious diseases.

What type of pathogen causes malaria? Tick (✓) one box.

Give two methods used to prevent people catching malaria. Give a reason why each method works.

Describe two differences between a bacterial cell and a eukaryotic cell.

A scientist investigated the population growth of bacteria in a culture solution. At the start of the investigation the culture solution contained all the nutrients the bacteria needed. The scientist determined the number of living bacterial cells in the solution every hour over two days. Figure 5 shows the apparatus used.

Describe why there are air holes in the cap of the culture bottle.

Figure 6 shows the scientist’s results.

Give one reason for what is happening to the number of bacteria at each of the stages.

Figure 7 shows two cubes. Cube X represents a bacterial cell. Cube Y represents a small multicellular organism.

A bacterial cell can absorb all the nutrients it needs by diffusion through its outer surface. Explain why a multicellular organism cannot absorb all the nutrients it needs by diffusion through its outer surface. You must include calculations in your answer. Use Figure 7.

Figure 1 shows one type of white blood cell.

What is structure A ?

Tick one box.

White blood cells help to defend the body against pathogens.

How do the white blood cells do this?

Tick three boxes.

Measles is a serious disease. A person can die from measles.

Figure 2 shows the number of cases of measles in England and Wales between 2012 and 2015

Use Figure 2 to calculate the decrease in the number of cases of measles between 2012 and 2015

Suggest one reason for the decrease in the number of cases of measles between 2012 and 2015

Antibiotics cannot be used to treat measles.

Suggest why.

Gonorrhoea is a disease caused by a bacterium.

Gonorrhoea can be treated with antibiotics.

Give one other way to control the spread of gonorrhoea.

A scientist investigated how effective different antibiotics were at killing gonorrhoea bacteria.

This is the method used.

1. Grow gonorrhoea bacteria on agar in a Petri dish.

2. Place one paper disc soaked in water onto the agar.

3. Place four other paper discs, each soaked in a different antibiotic, A, B, C, and D onto the agar.

4. Use the same sized paper discs and the same concentration of each antibiotic.

5. Incubate the Petri dish for 3 days.

Figure 3 shows the scientist’s results.

A clear area around the disc means the antibiotic has killed the bacteria.

Give one control variable the scientist used.

Suggest why one disc was soaked in water.

Which antibiotic in Figure 3 would be the best to treat gonorrhoea?

Give a reason for your answer.

Measles is a serious disease. A person can die from measles. Table 3 shows the number of medically confirmed cases of measles in England and Wales between 2012 and 2015

Suggest one reason why the actual number of cases of measles in England and Wales might be higher than is shown in Table 3

Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of medically confirmed cases of measles between 2012 and 2015

One reason for the decrease in the number of cases of measles is that more children were vaccinated against the disease. Vaccinating a large proportion of the population reduces the spread of the measles virus. Explain why.

Figure 8 shows the concentration of measles antibodies in the blood of a boy.

Explain the differences between antibody production after the vaccine injection and after exposure to the measles virus. You should include data from Figure 8