OCR GCSE History A (Explaining the Modern World) Period study with non-British depth study: International relations 1918-2001 + South Africa 1960-1994: the people and the state June 2023 question paper J410/05

Outline how the USA took action against the spread of communism around the world in the

1960s.

Explain why there was tension in Europe in the 1930s.

Study Interpretation A.

Do you think this interpretation is a fair comment on the British policy of appeasement? Use other interpretations of the events of 1937–1939 and your knowledge to support your

answer.

Study Interpretation B.

Explain why not all historians and commentators have agreed with this interpretation.

Use other interpretations and your knowledge to support your answer.

() Spelling, punctuation and grammar and the use of specialist terminology

Interpretation B

In the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union were driven by many forces: the Soviet Union by its need for security and to rebuild after the destruction of war; the USA by its belief in countries’ rights to independence, fear of communism and its view of its own supremacy and power. All of this made their confrontation a hostile one. Although they looked for peace, their beliefs made understanding each other impossible.

From ‘The United States and the Origins of the Cold War’, a book written by the US historian John Lewis Gaddis and published in the USA in 1972.

Describe one feature of the Pan African Congress (PAC).

Explain the consequences of the Rivonia Trial.

Study Source A.

Explain why this source was published in 1976.

A poster published in Britain in 1976 by the Anti-Apartheid Movement.

Study Source B.

Explain how this source is useful to a historian studying Apartheid in South Africa.

Source B

Mr Biko died as a result of injuries received during the interrogation of 6^th September 1977. His death was a great embarrassment. It was clear it would have a negative impact on the image of South Africa abroad, and it could lose foreign investment for the country. The matter had to be managed so that the security forces and the South African government could be protected. We were given instructions that the true facts about Biko’s death had to be changed or simply not mentioned.

Evidence given to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 1997 by Major Snyman. Snyman is talking about the death of Steve Biko. Steve Biko was an anti-Apartheid leader who died in police custody in 1977. Snyman was one of the policemen who interrogated him.

8* ‘The policies of PW Botha and the National Party improved the lives of black South Africans in the period 1980 to 1989.’

How far do you agree?