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Carboxylic acids

Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry

Topic questions Organic chemistry Carboxylic acids

Carboxylic acids

16 questions · 194 marks · about 3.5 hours

Carboxylic acids questions

TopicCarboxylic acids

Chemistry Paper 2 June 2025 (R), Question 7 15 marks

This question is about ethanol, C₂H₅OH, which can be used as a fuel.

Ethanol can be produced by the fermentation of glucose solution.

(a)

(a)(i)

Name the substance that is added that causes the fermentation of glucose solution.

[1]

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(a)(ii)

Which temperature is most suitable for fermentation?

$Question 7, shown as an image$

[1]

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(a)(iii)

Explain why fermentation is done in the absence of air.

[2]

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(b)

This is the equation for the combustion of ethanol.

$Question 7, shown as an image$

The equation shows the displayed formulae of the reactants and products.

$Question 7, shown as an image$

The table shows some bond energies.

Bond	Bond energy in kJ / mol
C H	414
C C	346
C O	358
O H	463
O O	498
C O	804

(b)(i)

Use the bond energies to show that the molar enthalpy change, Δ H, is about −1300 kJ / mol.

[3]

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(b)(ii)

Complete the energy level diagram for the reaction between C₂H₅OH and O₂

[3]

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(b)(iii)

Explain, in terms of bonds broken and bonds made, why this reaction is exothermic.

[2]

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(c)

Ethanol reacts with compound A to produce ester B and compound C.

This is the equation for the reaction.

H H
H O

$Question 7, shown as an image$

ester B

(c)(i)

Draw the displayed formula for compound A and for compound C.

[2]

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(c)(ii)

Name ester B.

[1]

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Chemistry Paper 2 June 2024, Question 5 10 marks

Methanol, CH₃OH, is the first member of the homologous series of alcohols.

(a)

Give two characteristics of a homologous series.

[2]

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(b)

Methanol is heated with potassium dichromate(VI) and one other reagent.

The methanol is oxidised to methanoic acid, HCOOH

(b)(i)

Give the formula of the other reagent.

[1]

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(b)(ii)

Give the colour change that occurs during the reaction.

[2]

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(b)(iii)

Draw the displayed formula for methanol and for methanoic acid in the boxes.

methanol
methanoic acid

[2]

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(c)

Methanol reacts with methanoic acid to form an ester.

Complete the equation for this reaction.

$Question 5, shown as an image$

[1]

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(d)

The structural formula of an ester is CH₃COOCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

(d)(i)

What is the name of this ester?

$Question 5, shown as an image$

[1]

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(d)(ii)

Deduce the molecular formula of this ester.

[1]

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Chemistry Paper 2 November 2023, Question 5 11 marks

This question is about carboxylic acids and esters.

(a)

Ethanoic acid reacts with magnesium to form two products.

(a)(i)

Complete the equation for this reaction.

_........ +_........ maths symbol (CH₃COO)₂Mg +_........

[2]

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(a)(ii)

Give two observations that could be made during this reaction.

[2]

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(b)

Propanoic acid reacts with methanol to form an ester.

(b)(i)

Give the name of a suitable catalyst for this reaction.

[1]

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(b)(ii)

What is the structural formula of the ester that forms?

$Question 5, shown as an image$

[1]

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(c)

A polyester can be made by reacting ethanedioic acid with ethanediol.

These are the displayed formulae of the two reactants.

$Question 5, shown as an image$

ethanedioic acid
ethanediol

(c)(i)

Give the name for this type of polymerisation.

[1]

(c)(ii)

Give the name of the other product of this reaction.

[1]

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(c)(iii)

Draw the displayed formula for the repeat unit of the polyester that forms.

[2]

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(d)

State what is meant by the term biopolyester.

[1]

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Chemistry Paper 2 June 2023 (R), Question 7 14 marks

Methanol is made by the reaction between hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

This is the equation for the reaction.

$Question 7, shown as an image$

A mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide is left until dynamic equilibrium is reached.

(a)

(a)(i)

Give two characteristics of a reaction at dynamic equilibrium.

[2]

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(a)(ii)

Give a reason why adding a catalyst does not affect the yield of methanol.

[1]

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(a)(iii)

The temperature of the reaction mixture is decreased at constant pressure.

Explain the effect of this change on the yield of methanol.

[2]

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(a)(iv)

The pressure of the reaction mixture is increased at constant temperature.

Explain the effect of this change on the yield of methanol.

[2]

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(b)

(b)(i)

Show that the molar enthalpy change, Δ H, for the reaction is −119 kJ / mol.

[3]

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(b)(ii)

Explain why this reaction is exothermic.

[2]

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(c)

The diagram shows the displayed formula of an ester that is made from methanol and a carboxylic acid.

H H

$Question 7, shown as an image$

H H

(c)(i)

Draw a circle around the functional group of the ester.

[1]

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(c)(ii)

Give the displayed formula of the carboxylic acid used to make this ester.

[1]

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Chemistry Paper 2 January 2023, Question 6 13 marks

When ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid, one of the products is ester A.

This is the equation for the reaction.

$Question 6, shown as an image$

ethanoic acid
ethanol
water

(a)(i)

Draw a circle around the functional group in ethanoic acid.

[1]

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(a)(ii)

Give the displayed formula of ester A.

[2]

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(a)(iii)

Name ester A.

[1]

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(b)

The reaction mixture is kept in a sealed container until dynamic equilibrium is reached.

State what is meant by the term dynamic equilibrium.

[2]

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(c)

During the reaction, the number of moles of ethanoic acid in the reaction mixture decreases, but the number of moles of concentrated sulfuric acid does not change.

(c)(i)

Give a reason why the number of moles of concentrated sulfuric acid does not change.

[1]

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(c)(ii)

A student does a titration to find the accurate volume of sodium hydroxide solution needed for complete neutralisation.

The student starts by using a pipette to transfer 25.0 cm³ of the reaction mixture to a conical flask.

Describe how the student should complete the titration.

[6]

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Chemistry Paper 2 June 2022, Question 5 12 marks

(a)

An organic compound has this percentage composition by mass.

C = 40 % H = 6.7 % O = 53.3 %

(a)(i)

Show that the empirical formula of the compound is CH₂O

[2]

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(a)(ii)

Draw the structural formula of a compound with the molecular formula C₂H₄O₂

[1]

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(b)

Methanoic acid (HCOOH) reacts with sodium carbonate solution to give three products.

(b)(i)

Complete the equation for this reaction.

2HCOOH + Na₂CO₃ maths symbol _........ +_........ +_........

[2]

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(b)(ii)

State what you would observe in this reaction.

[1]

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(c)

Methanoic acid also reacts with propanol to form an ester.

The equation for the reaction is

$Question 5, shown as an image$

(c)(i)

Give the name of the ester that forms.

[1]

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(c)(ii)

State what is meant by the maths symbol symbol.

[1]

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(c)(iii)

When this reaction occurs in a sealed container, the reaction can reach dynamic equilibrium.

Give one characteristic of a reaction at dynamic equilibrium.

[1]

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(d)

A polyester forms when butanedioic acid reacts with ethanediol.

The diagram shows the repeat unit of the polyester that forms.

O O

$Question 5, shown as an image$

(d)(i)

Give the name of this type of polymerisation.

[1]

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(d)(ii)

Draw the structural formulae of the two monomers used to make this polyester.

[2]

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Chemistry Paper 2 January 2022 (R), Question 4 8 marks

This question is about alcohols, carboxylic acids and their reactions.

(a)

The boxes give some information about a carboxylic acid.

Complete the boxes by giving the missing information.

[3]

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(b)

Ethanol can be oxidised to produce a carboxylic acid.

(b)(i)

Give the names of the two reagents used in this oxidation reaction.

[2]

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(b)(ii)

Which of these colour changes occurs during the reaction?

$Question 4, shown as an image$

[1]

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(c)

Alcohols and carboxylic acids can be heated together to form esters.

(c)(i)

State why it is better to heat the mixture using a water bath rather than directly with a Bunsen burner flame.

[1]

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(c)(ii)

An ester has the structural formula CH₃CH₂COOCH₃

Which of these is the name of this ester?

$Question 4, shown as an image$

[1]

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Chemistry Paper 2 January 2022, Question 7 15 marks

Also involves Amounts of substance in equations

This question is about esters.

Ester A reacts with water to form ethanoic acid and ethanol.

The displayed formulae of the reactants and products are shown in this equation

$Question 7, shown as an image$

ester A

The molar enthalpy change (Δ H) for the reaction is 0 kJ/mol.

(a)(i)

Draw a ring around the functional group in ester A.

[1]

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(a)(ii)

Give the name of ester A.

[1]

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(a)(iii)

Describe a chemical test, other than using an indicator, to show that the reaction mixture contains ethanoic acid.

[2]

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(b)

Explain why the molar enthalpy change (Δ H) for the reaction between ester A and water is 0 kJ/mol.

In your answer, refer to the bonds broken and the bonds formed.

[2]

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(c)

A mixture of ester A and water is left in a sealed container until the reaction mixture reaches dynamic equilibrium.

(c)(i)

Describe what is meant by dynamic equilibrium.

[2]

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(c)(ii)

Explain why adding a catalyst does not change the position of equilibrium.

[2]

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(d)

The ethanoic acid produced in the reaction is completely neutralised by 22.75 cm³ of 0.150 mol/dm³ barium hydroxide solution.

The equation for the neutralisation reaction is

$Question 7, shown as an image$

Calculate the amount, in moles, of ethanoic acid neutralised.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

[3]

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(e)

The structures of two organic compounds are shown.

$Question 7, shown as an image$

These compounds react together to form a polymer.

Give the repeat unit of the polymer formed.

[2]

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Chemistry Paper 2 November 2021, Question 6 11 marks

Also involves Amounts of substance in equations · Titrations · Addition polymerisation

This question is about alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters.

(a)

Ethanol can be manufactured by reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst.

Which row gives the correct conditions of temperature and pressure for this reaction?

[1]

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(b)

Give the displayed formula of butanol.

[1]

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(c)

Ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH) is a carboxylic acid present in vinegar.

(c)(i)

The concentration of CH₃COOH in vinegar can be found by titration with aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH).

The equation for the reaction is

CH₃COOH + KOH maths symbol CH₃COOK + H₂O

In a titration, a 25.0 cm³ sample of vinegar is neutralised by 45.00 cm³ of KOH solution of concentration 0.400 mol/dm³.

Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm³, of CH₃COOH in this sample of vinegar.

concentration =_........ mol/dm

[2]

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(c)(ii)

A sample of vinegar containing 0.0030 mol of CH₃COOH is poured into a flask.

Calculate the maximum volume, in cm³, of carbon dioxide gas formed at rtp when excess sodium carbonate is added to the flask.

The equation for the reaction is

$Question 6, shown as an image$

[Assume that the molar volume of carbon dioxide at rtp is 24 000 cm³]

[2]

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(d)

Alcohols react with carboxylic acids to form esters.

Which alcohol could react to form the ester ethyl propanoate?

$Question 6, shown as an image$

[1]

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(e)

Polyesters are formed in condensation polymerisation reactions between dicarboxylic acids and diols.

(e)(i)

State one difference between condensation polymerisation and addition polymerisation.

[1]

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(e)(ii)

The repeat unit of a polyester is

O O H H

$Question 6, shown as an image$

H H

Give the displayed formula of each of the two monomers needed to form this polyester.

[2]

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(e)(iii)

Give one advantage of biopolyesters.

[1]

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Chemistry Paper 2 January 2021, Question 3 8 marks

Also involves Chemical measurements and uncertainty

This question is about carboxylic acids.

Solutions of carboxylic acids react with magnesium metal to form hydrogen gas.

A student uses this apparatus to investigate the time taken to produce 10 cm³ of hydrogen gas from different carboxylic acids.

This is the student’s method.

maths symbol pour some carboxylic acid solution into a conical flask

maths symbol add some magnesium powder

maths symbol quickly connect the gas syringe and start a timer record the time taken to collect 10 cm³ of hydrogen gas

The student repeats the method with three other carboxylic acids.

(a)(i)

All the carboxylic acids are of the same concentration.

Give two other variables the student should control in his investigation.

[2]

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(a)(ii)

Give a reason why it is important to connect the gas syringe quickly.

[1]

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(b)

The table shows the student’s results.

Carboxylic	Formula of		Time taken to produce 10	cm³	of hydrogen in s
acid	carboxylic acid	Experiment 1	Experiment 2	Experiment 3	Experiment 4	Mean time in s
Methanoic acid	HCOOH	48	50	47	49	49
Ethanoic acid	CH₃COOH	61	63	60	61	61
Propanoic acid	CH₃CH₂COOH	69	93	70	71
Butanoic acid	CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH	83	85	82	81	83

(b)(i)

Calculate the mean (average) time for propanoic acid to produce 10 cm³ of hydrogen gas.

[2]

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(b)(ii)

Deduce the relationship between the number of carbon atoms in the molecule and the time taken to produce 10 cm³ of hydrogen gas.

[1]

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(c)

An ester is formed by adding ethanoic acid to ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid.

Give the displayed formula of the ester produced when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol.

[2]

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Chemistry Paper 2 January 2021 (R), Question 4 7 marks

This question is about alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters.

(a)

The table gives information about some alcohols.

Alcohol	Structural formula	Relative formula mass
methanol	CH₃OH	32
ethanol	C₂H₅OH
	C₄H₉OH	74

Complete the table by giving the missing information.

[2]

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(b)

Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid by heating with potassium dichromate(VI) and another reagent.

(b)(i)

Name the other reagent.

[1]

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(b)(ii)

State the colour change that occurs during this reaction.

[1]

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(c)

Alcohols react with carboxylic acids to form esters.

(c)(i)

Name the ester that forms when ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid.

[1]

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(c)(ii)

Complete the equation for the reaction between methanol and ethanoic acid.

[2]

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Chemistry Paper 2 November 2020, Question 4 15 marks

Also involves Catalysts · Enzymes and drug design

Alcohols contain the functional group —OH

(a)

Give the structural formula of the alcohol that contains one carbon atom.

[1]

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(b)

Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) is an alcohol that can be obtained from glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).

(b)(i)

Name the process that converts glucose into ethanol.

[1]

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(b)(ii)

Explain why this process is carried out in the absence of air and at a temperature below 40 maths symbol C.

[4]

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(c)

The table gives information about some organic compounds in the same homologous series.

Compound	Molecular formula	Displayed formula
ethanoic acid	C₂H₄O₂
propanoic acid		H H O H C C C H H O H
	C₄H₈O₂	H H H O H C C C C H H H O H

(c)(i)

Complete the table by giving the missing information.

[3]

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(c)(ii)

Name the homologous series that contains these compounds.

[1]

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(d)

The compounds in the table can react with alcohols to form esters.

When preparing esters, a small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid is also used.

(d)(i)

State the purpose of the acid.

[1]

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(d)(ii)

Draw the displayed formula of the ester that forms when propanoic acid reacts with ethanol.

[2]

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(d)(iii)

Esters have particular uses that depend on their properties.

Give an example of a property and use of esters.

[2]

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Chemistry Paper 2 November 2020 (R), Question 7 16 marks

Also involves Moles and amount of substance

(a)

Ethanol, C₂H₅OH, can be oxidised to produce ethanoic acid, CH₃COOH, by heating it with potassium dichromate(VI).

(a)(i)

Name one other reactant needed for this reaction to occur.

[1]

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(a)(ii)

Which colour change occurs during this reaction?

$Question 7, shown as an image$

[1]

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(b)

When ethanol is burned in air, complete combustion can occur.

The equation for this reaction is

$Question 7, shown as an image$

This equation can also be written using displayed formulae to show all the covalent bonds in the molecules.

H H

$Question 7, shown as an image$

H H

The table gives the bond energies for these bonds.

Bond	C C	C H	C O	O H	O O	C O
Bond energy in kJ/mol	346	412	358	463	496	743

(b)(i)

Use values from the table to calculate the energy needed to break all the bonds in the reactants.

energy needed_........

[2]

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(b)(ii)

Use values from the table to calculate the energy released when all the bonds in the products are formed.

energy released_........

[2]

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(b)(iii)

Calculate the molar enthalpy change (Δ H) in kJ/mol, for the complete combustion of ethanol.

Include a sign in your answer.

ΔH =_........ kJ/mol

[1]

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(c)

Ethanol reacts with methanoic acid, HCOOH, in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an ester.

The equation for the reaction is

$Question 7, shown as an image$

(c)(i)

Give the name of the ester that forms.

[1]

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(c)(ii)

Draw the displayed formula for this ester.

[2]

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(c)(iii)

When this reaction takes place in a sealed container, the reaction can reach dynamic equilibrium.

Give two characteristics of a reaction at dynamic equilibrium.

[2]

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(d)

Methanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate to form sodium methanoate, carbon dioxide and water.

The equation for the reaction is

$Question 7, shown as an image$

Calculate the volume, in cm³, of carbon dioxide gas produced when 2.3 g of methanoic acid reacts completely with sodium carbonate.

[M_r of HCOOH = 46]

[molar volume of carbon dioxide at rtp = 24 dm³]

[4]

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Chemistry Paper 2 January 2020 (R), Question 7 14 marks

Also involves Exothermic and endothermic reactions · Enzymes and drug design

(a) Ethanol, C₂H₅OH, can be produced by the fermentation of glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆

(a)

(a)(i)

Complete the equation for the fermentation of glucose.

$Question 7, shown as an image$

[1]

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(a)(ii)

State why it is necessary for fermentation to be done in the absence of air.

[1]

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(a)(iii)

Explain why the temperature should not be higher than 40 °C.

[2]

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(a)(iv)

When 4 mol of glucose is fermented, a mass of 55.2 g of ethanol is produced.

Show that the percentage yield of ethanol is 15%.

[M_r of C₂H₅OH = 46]

[2]

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(b)

Ethanol can also be produced by the reaction between ethene and steam.

The equation for the reaction is

$Question 7, shown as an image$

(b)(i)

This reaction is in dynamic equilibrium.

Give two features of a reaction in dynamic equilibrium.

[2]

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(b)(ii)

When the equilibrium mixture is heated, the yield of ethanol decreases.

Explain whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

[2]

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(c)

Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters.

The displayed formula of an ester is

H H O

$Question 7, shown as an image$

H H H H

(c)(i)

Carboxylic acid A and alcohol B react to produce this ester.

Give the displayed formula of carboxylic acid A and of alcohol B.

[2]

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(c)(ii)

Indicators can be used to test for carboxylic acids.

Describe a different chemical test for a carboxylic acid.

[2]

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Chemistry Paper 2 June 2019 (R), Question 5 11 marks

Also involves Catalysts

This question is about the reactions of carboxylic acids.

(a)

Carboxylic acids react with solutions of metal carbonates.

(a)(i)

Complete the chemical equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid, CH₃COOH, with potassium carbonate solution.

2CH₃COOH + K₂CO₃ maths symbol _........ +_........ +_........

[2]

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(a)(ii)

State what you would see in this reaction.

[1]

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(b)

The ester, ethyl ethanoate, can be prepared by reacting ethanol with ethanoic acid.

This is the method for the preparation.

● mix equal amounts of ethanoic acid and ethanol in a boiling tube

● add a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid

● place the boiling tube in a hot water bath for several minutes

(b)(i)

State the role of concentrated sulfuric acid in this reaction.

[1]

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(b)(ii)

Suggest why the mixture is heated in a water bath rather than directly with a Bunsen burner flame.

[1]

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(b)(iii)

State how you would know that ethyl ethanoate has formed.

[1]

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(c)

Another ester, methyl propanoate, can be prepared by reacting methanol with propanoic acid.

(c)(i)

Draw the displayed formulae of methanol, propanoic acid and the ester, methyl propanoate.

[3]

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(c)(ii)

Give the name of the other product of this reaction.

[1]

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(d)

Give one use of esters.

[1]

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Chemistry Paper 2 June 2019, Question 6 14 marks

Some cars in Brazil use ethanol, C₂H₅OH, as a fuel instead of petrol.

The ethanol is made by the fermentation of glucose which is obtained from sugar cane.

The sugar is extracted from the sugar cane and then dissolved in water to make a sugar solution.

(a)(i)

Name the substance that is added to the sugar solution that causes glucose to ferment.

[1]

(a)(ii)

Which temperature is the most suitable for fermentation?

$Question 6, shown as an image$

[1]

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(a)(iii)

Explain why fermentation is done in the absence of air.

[2]

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(b)(i)

State what is meant by the term fuel.

[1]

(b)(ii)

Write a chemical equation for the complete combustion of ethanol in air.

[2]

(c)

Ethanol is also manufactured by reacting steam with ethene, C₂H₄

The equation for this reaction is

$Question 6, shown as an image$

State the conditions of temperature and pressure used in this process.

[2]

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(d)

When ethanol is heated with acidified potassium dichromate(VI), it is oxidised to ethanoic acid.

(d)(i)

State the colour change that occurs in the potassium dichromate(VI) during this reaction.

[1]

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(d)(ii)

The structural formula of ethanoic acid is CH₃COOH

Draw the displayed formula of ethanoic acid.

[2]

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(d)(iii)

Complete the equation for the reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium.

_........CH₃COOH(aq) +_........Na(s) maths symbol _........(aq) +_........(g)

[2]

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