Cancer

When one cell goes through the stages of the cell cycle, two cells are produced.

Figure 11 shows the three stages of the cell cycle.

*(i) Describe the three stages of the cell cycle shown in Figure 11.

State what happens to the cell cycle in cancerous cells.

The production of more cells contributes to the growth of an animal.

Which other process is needed for the growth of an animal?

A parent is concerned that their child is not growing as much as other children.

Describe how a doctor might determine if the child is growing as expected.

Which is the reason why obesity is a non-communicable disease?

Several factors affect the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Figure 7 shows different BMI ranges and their weight descriptions.

A person has a BMI of 39.0

Explain the risk of this person developing cardiovascular disease.

Changes in lifestyle can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

State two other treatments for cardiovascular disease.

Figure 8 shows the percentage of people who smoked cigarettes in England from 2011 to 2019.

State the trend shown in the graph from 2011 to 2019.

Give two reasons for this change in the number of people smoking cigarettes.

Draw a line on Figure 8 to show the likely trend in the percentage of people smoking cigarettes from 2019 to 2041.

Smoking cigarettes can increase the risk of people developing cancer.

Which is the description of cancer?

A student was investigating mitosis in the roots of a garlic plant.

Describe how the student could prepare a microscope slide to show mitosis in the growing roots of a garlic plant.

Describe what is produced when a single cell divides by mitosis.

The student observed 89 cells on the microscope slide.

Figure 6 shows the number of cells at each stage of the cell cycle.

Use this equation to calculate the mitotic index for this slide.

Give your answer to three significant figures.

The mitotic index is often used in the diagnosis of cancer.

State the effect of cancer on cell division.

6 (a) Figure 8 shows how alcohol consumption increases the risk of developing liver cancer. Someone who does not drink alcohol has a 1.0 risk of developing liver cancer.

alcohol consumed in grams per day

Figure 8

(i) One unit of alcohol contains 8 grams of alcohol. Calculate the risk of developing liver cancer for someone who consumes 4 units of alcohol a day.

_{.............................................................} risk of developing liver cancer

(ii) Describe how cancer develops in the liver.

(b) Haemochromatosis is a disease that occurs when iron accumulates in the liver. A person with haemochromatosis is treated by having 0.5 dm³ of their blood removed each week. This lowers the level of iron in their blood.

(i) Give two safety precautions needed when blood is removed from this person.

(ii) Haemochromatosis can be inherited. Haemochromatosis occurs when a person inherits two copies of a recessive allele. Figure 9 shows the inheritance of haemochromatosis in a family.

Figure 9

State and explain the genotype of female Z.

Cancer Research UK found that many people do not realise that obesity is linked to an increased risk of developing cancer.

In the body, fat tissue sends signals that cause other cells to divide.

Describe how this could cause cancer to develop.

Cell division occurs during the cell cycle.

During which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

Obesity is linked to 1 in 20 cases of all types of cancer.

Approximately 13% of cases of bowel cancer are caused by obesity.

Determine how the impact of obesity on bowel cancer compares to the impact of obesity on all types of cancer.

Two men have the same mass of 80 kg.

One man’s BMI is categorised as normal weight, the other man’s BMI is categorised as obese.

Explain why the men have different BMI values.

Obesity can also cause cardiovascular disease to develop.

Describe the different treatments available for cardiovascular disease.