Blood

Figure 14 is a diagram of the human heart.

Which chambers of the heart contain only oxygenated blood?

The heart has a valve called the bicuspid valve between chamber Q and chamber R.

Explain the role of this valve.

Explain why heart rate increases during exercise.

Every person has a maximum heart rate.

Figure 15 shows how different types of activity affect a person’s heart rate and the type of respiration they are using during that activity.

A person had a maximum heart rate of 190 beats per minute. Calculate the heart rate of this person when they are jogging.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) transport oxygen to respiring cells.

Explain how erythrocytes (red blood cells) are adapted to carry and release oxygen.

The heart pumps blood.

Explain why the wall of the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle of the heart.

A centrifuge can be used to separate the different parts of human blood.

Figure 12 shows blood separated into different parts.

Name part X.

Which substance, needed for cellular respiration, is carried by red blood cells?

Name two types of white blood cell.

When a person donates blood, 470 cm³ of blood is removed from their body.

Red blood cells make up 44% by volume of the blood.

Calculate the volume of red blood cells in 470 cm³ of donated blood.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

Before donating blood, a person has a small blood sample taken to check that the blood is healthy.

State two precautions a doctor should take when collecting this sample.

2 A centrifuge can be used to separate the different parts of human blood. Figure 1 shows blood separated into different parts.

(a) (i) Name part X.

(ii) Which substance, needed for cellular respiration, is carried by red blood cells?

(iii) Name two types of white blood cell.

(b) (i) When a person donates blood, 470 cm³ of blood is removed from their body. Red blood cells make up 44 % by volume of the blood. Calculate the volume of red blood cells in 470 cm³ of donated blood. Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

(ii) Before donating blood, a person has a small blood sample taken to check that the blood is healthy. State two precautions a doctor should take when collecting this sample.

10 (a) Figure 11 shows the location of the liver and kidneys in the human body.

(Source: © Magic mine/Shutterstock)

Figure 11

(i) The liver breaks down substances in the body to form waste products. Which row of the table is correct?

(ii) State how the waste products travel from the liver to the kidneys.

(b) A scientist investigated the effect of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on a person’s body. The scientist measured the concentration of substances found in the urine of a person on this diet (person A) and in the urine of a person not on this diet (person B). The results are shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12

(i) Evaluate the results shown in Figure 12.

*(ii) Explain how a nephron ensures that there is no protein and no glucose in the urine of person A.

2 (a) Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets.

(i) Draw one straight line from each part of the blood to its function.

part of the blood function

Figure 2 shows some red blood cells.

(Source: © SciePro/Shutterstock)

Figure 2

(ii) State two features that can be seen in the red blood cells in Figure 2.

(b) Lymphocytes are white blood cells that produce large amounts of protein.

(i) Which organelle is needed to produce large amounts of protein?

A small lymphocyte has a diameter of 10 µ m (micrometres). A microscope magnifies this lymphocyte 400 times.

(ii) Calculate the diameter of the image of the lymphocyte seen using this microscope.

image size_{..............................................................}

(iii) How many micrometres are in 1 mm (millimetre)?

10 (a) When training, an athlete noticed some types of T‑shirts became wetter and heavier due to sweating. This athlete has three T‑shirts, each made of a different material. Devise a method this athlete could use to find the best T‑shirt for training.

(b) Athletes often eat a high protein diet.

(i) Which is the test and result for a food containing protein?

(ii) Digested protein is absorbed in the small intestine by diffusion. Figure 15 shows part of the small intestine.

(Source: © Science Photo Library C047/6177)

Figure 15

Using Figure 15 and Fick’s law, explain the effect of the villi on the rate of diffusion.

(iii) Digested protein enters the blood as amino acids. State which component of the blood transports amino acids.

(c) Explain how high levels of amino acids in the blood cause a high concentration of urea in urine.

Figure 1 shows human blood seen using a light microscope.

The organelle labelled X controls the activities of the white blood cell.

What is the name of organelle X?

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.

Red blood cells contain the substance_........ .

Blood plasma is a_........ .

Describe two ways that white blood cells protect the body from disease.

Figure 2 shows a white blood cell on a 100 µ m scale.

State the width of the white blood cell.

Figure 1 shows human blood seen using a light microscope.

Explain why using an electron microscope shows the structures in the white blood cells more clearly.

Figure 9 shows the structure and actual size of red blood cells (erythrocytes).

red blood cells side view of red blood cell (cut)

(Source: © N.Vinoth Narasingam/Shutterstock)

Figure 9

Calculate the image size of the top view of this red blood cell if this cell is

Give your answer in mm.

Explain how the shape of a red blood cell is related to its function.

State the role of haemoglobin inside the red blood cell.

Some blood transfusions contain red blood cells.

Red blood cells are stored in a solution containing 5.0% glucose and 0.9% salt.

Explain why red blood cells cannot be stored in pure water.

The animal shown in Figure 3 is a tick burrowing into the skin of a human.

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.

The tick burrows into the skin to obtain_........ .

When a tick burrows into human skin the tick benefits but the human is harmed.

This means that ticks are classed as_........ .

When skin is cut a blood clot forms.

Which part of the blood starts the clotting process?

Figure 4 shows a bird called an oxpecker eating ticks that are living on a zebra.

Name the type of relationship where both the oxpecker and the zebra benefit.

Zebras eat grass.

Complete the food chain that includes zebras, ticks, oxpeckers and grass.

Figure 5 shows the maximum numbers of oxpeckers observed on four types of mammal.

Describe the difference in the maximum number of oxpeckers on the white rhino and on the hippo.

Give one reason why more oxpeckers were observed on giraffes than on zebras.

Figure 11 shows the time taken for blood to clot at different temperatures.

Draw a graph to show the data in Figure 11.

Give two safety precautions that should be used when handling blood samples.

Which part of the blood causes blood to start clotting?

Give one advantage of a blood clot forming.

Explain how one structure of a vein helps the blood return to the heart.

(a) A student investigated respiration in three different organisms.

Red hydrogencarbonate indicator was placed in each of three test tubes.

Gauze was placed in each test tube to hold the organisms.

In test tube 1 the student placed four germinating peas.

In test tube 2 the student placed four dried peas.

In test tube 3 the student placed four mealworms.

Bungs were added to each of the test tubes.

The three test tubes were left for one hour.

The equipment used is shown in Figure 16.

test tube 1 test tube 2 test tube 3

Figure 16

State two ways this method could be improved to make the results for these three organisms more comparable.

Describe a suitable control for this investigation.

Hydrogencarbonate indicator changes from red to yellow when more carbon dioxide is present.

The results for this investigation are shown in Figure 17.

Explain why the result for the germinating peas is different from the result for the dried peas.

How was the carbon dioxide produced in this investigation?

*(c) Carbon dioxide is carried in blood plasma.

Human blood also contains red blood cells and white blood cells.

Explain how the structure of red blood cells and white blood cells is related to their function.

(a) A person had symptoms including difficulty passing urine, aching in the lower abdomen, constant thirst and fainting.

A sample of their urine was tested. The results are shown in Figure 8.

A doctor analysed the results and asked the person to have further tests for type 2 diabetes.

Give a reason why the doctor came to this conclusion.

Explain why the doctor also concluded that the person had a kidney infection.

Describe how a student could test a sample of urine for the presence of protein.

Describe the route taken by urine from the kidney until it leaves the body.

Urine contains urea.

State how urea is formed in the human body.

Insulin is produced by an endocrine gland and is transported in the blood.

Which row shows the endocrine gland and the target organs for insulin?

Which part of the blood transports insulin to its target organs?

Figure 1 shows the blood glucose and blood insulin concentration for a healthy person during one day.

The blood glucose concentration increases after a meal.

Explain why the blood glucose concentration then decreases.

State one cause of type 1 diabetes.

Explain how controlling the diet can be used to treat type 2 diabetes.

A scientist is planning to test a new treatment for type 2 diabetes.

She selects 300 volunteers who have type 2 diabetes.

State two other factors that the scientist should consider when selecting the 300 volunteers.