(a) Figure 1 shows a cross section of a leaf.
Explain the function of the spaces between the cells in layer B.
(2)
Explain the function of part C in Figure 1.
(2)
Xerophytes are plants adapted to live in very dry conditions.
State two differences between the leaf structure of a xerophyte and the leaf structure shown in Figure 1.
(2)
(a) A student was investigating the populations of organisms in a garden.
Figure 2 shows the estimates of the number and biomass of some of the organisms in the garden.
Calculate the biomass of the population of earthworms in the garden.
(1)
Hedgehogs eat slugs and earthworms. Slug pellets were used to kill the slugs.
Explain how killing the slugs would affect the population of earthworms in this garden.
(2)
Describe a method that could be used to estimate the population of slugs in the garden.
(3)
Explain how cabbages, earthworms and squirrels contribute to the carbon cycle.
(3)
(a) A student investigated respiration in three different organisms.
Red hydrogencarbonate indicator was placed in each of three test tubes.
Gauze was placed in each test tube to hold the organisms.
In test tube 1 the student placed four germinating peas.
In test tube 2 the student placed four dried peas.
In test tube 3 the student placed four mealworms.
Bungs were added to each of the test tubes.
The three test tubes were left for one hour.
The equipment used is shown in Figure 3.
test tube 1 test tube 2 test tube 3
Figure 3
State two ways this method could be improved to make the results for these three organisms more comparable.
(2)
Describe a suitable control for this investigation.
(2)
Hydrogencarbonate indicator changes from red to yellow when more carbon dioxide is present.
The results for this investigation are shown in Figure 4.
Explain why the result for the germinating peas is different from the result for the dried peas.
(2)
How was the carbon dioxide produced in this investigation?
(1)
Explain why cellular respiration is essential for living organisms.
(2)
A student was investigating the effect of sweating.
The student set up two conical flasks each with a thermometer as shown in Figure 5.
Flask 1 was covered in wet tissue paper.
Flask 2 was covered with dry tissue paper.
Hot water was added to each of the flasks.
The temperature of the water in each flask was recorded every minute for 10 minutes.
State two variables that would need to be controlled in this investigation.
(2)
The results of this investigation are shown in Figure 6.
Calculate the rate of temperature change in flask 1 from 1 to 8 minutes.
(2)
Compare the trends shown in the data for flask 1 and flask 2.
(2)
Explain how sweating helps to cool the body.
(2)
Which part of the brain controls internal body temperature?
(1)
Explain why it is important to control the internal temperature of the human body.
(2)
(a) (i) Water enters a plant through root hair cells.
Root hair cells have
Explain how water in the root is transported to the leaves of the plant.
(2)
How is sucrose transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant?
(1)
Figure 7 shows the average size of stomata in a leaf during one day.
Name the cells that change the size of stomata.
(1)
Describe the trend shown in Figure 7.
(2)
The temperature increased from 8 am to 1 pm.
Explain why this affected the size of the stomata.
(2)
(a) A person had symptoms including difficulty passing urine, aching in the lower abdomen, constant thirst and fainting.
A sample of their urine was tested. The results are shown in Figure 8.
A doctor analysed the results and asked the person to have further tests for type 2 diabetes.
Give a reason why the doctor came to this conclusion.
(1)
Explain why the doctor also concluded that the person had a kidney infection.
(2)
Describe how a student could test a sample of urine for the presence of protein.
(2)
Describe the route taken by urine from the kidney until it leaves the body.
(3)
Urine contains urea.
State how urea is formed in the human body.
(2)
(a) (i) Women with the condition known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) do not ovulate regularly.
Women with PCOS can be treated using clomifene therapy.
Clomifene therapy stimulates the production of FSH.
Name the endocrine gland that produces FSH.
During this therapy, a woman takes a clomifene tablet each day for the first five days of her menstrual cycle.
Describe the changes that would happen inside the ovaries during the first five days of this treatment.
(2)
During clomifene therapy, the woman has a blood test on day 20 of the menstrual cycle.
The blood test shows a high level of progesterone.
Explain the cause of this high level of progesterone on day 20 of the menstrual cycle.
(2)
Hormones are also used as a method of contraception.
Explain why taking high levels of oestrogen and progesterone in the combined contraceptive pill reduces the chance of pregnancy.
(2)
The female population of Britain is 32.6 million.
The percentage of this population taking the combined contraceptive pill is 13.2%.
The combined pill is 98.8% effective.
Calculate the maximum number of females taking the combined contraceptive pill who could become pregnant.
(3)
(a) Figure 9 shows the stroke volume at different heart rates of a person who has trained for a marathon and of a person who has not trained for a marathon.
Compare the effect of heart rate on stroke volume of the person who has trained for a marathon with the person who has not trained for a marathon.
(2)
Calculate the cardiac output for the person who has trained for a marathon when the heart rate is 160 beats per minute. Give the units in your answer.
(3)
*(b) Blood from the body enters the heart through the vena cava.
Describe how this blood flows through the heart and lungs to leave the heart through the aorta.
Include references to the chambers of the heart and the relevant valves in your answer.
(6)
(a) Figure 10 shows alveoli from a lung.
Figure 10
Explain why these alveoli have the internal structure shown in Figure 10.
(3)
How does oxygen move across the alveolar membrane into the capillary?
(1)
Figure 11 shows the movement of molecules across a membrane.
at start
after 2 seconds
after 4 seconds
Figure 11
Describe how Figure 11 illustrates movement of molecules across a membrane.
(2)
*(c) Explain, using Fick’s law, the factors that affect the diffusion rate of molecules into and out of cells.
(6)
Figure 12 shows the global movement of carbon into or out of the atmosphere.
Calculate the net mass of carbon added to the atmosphere each year.
(2)
Joseph Priestley was a scientist who investigated how green plants and combustion affected the carbon cycle.
Figure 13 shows his first experiment.
in a bell jar
minutes
State why the candle was not burning after three minutes.
(1)
Joseph Priestley continued the investigation but placed a plant inside the bell jar as shown in Figure 14.
He observed that the candle stayed alight for two minutes more than the candle in the bell jar in the first experiment.
Explain his observation.
(2)
State two variables that would need to be controlled to compare these two experiments.
(2)
Nitrogen is cycled through the environment.
Describe the roles of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle.
(4)
The paper as printed
Spotted a mistake on this page?Report a problem
