Diabetes

Draw one straight line from each hormone to the endocrine gland that produces it.

Figure 1 shows the concentration of glucose in the blood of a person for a period of six hours.

State the highest blood glucose concentration during this six hour period.

Insulin was released from the pancreas at 13:30.

Describe the changes in the concentration of glucose in the blood from 13:30 to 18:00.

The cells of people with type 2 diabetes do not respond to insulin.

Describe two ways that a person with type 2 diabetes can control the concentration of glucose in their blood.

The menopause occurs when the menstrual cycle stops.

Figure 16 shows the hormone concentrations in the blood before the menopause

Compare and contrast the hormone concentrations before and after the menopause.

Explain the roles of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle.

*(b) Figure 17 shows the blood glucose concentrations for a person who has type 2 diabetes and a person who does not have type 2 diabetes.

Explain how glucose concentrations are controlled for a person with type 2 diabetes and a person who does not have type 2 diabetes.

Include information from Figure 17 in your answer.

Endocrine glands produce hormones.

Draw two crosses on Figure 5 to show the position of the ovaries.

Progesterone is produced in the ovaries.

State one effect of progesterone on the uterus lining.

Insulin is a hormone that controls blood glucose concentration.

Which endocrine gland produces insulin?

State how insulin is transported from its endocrine gland to its target organs.

Name the main target organ for insulin.

People with type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin.

Figure 6 shows the blood glucose concentration for a person with type 1 diabetes.

Describe the trend from midday to 1 pm.

State what a person with type 1 diabetes could have done to cause the change in the blood glucose concentration from 1.05 pm to 1.30 pm.

People with type 2 diabetes have cells that do not respond to insulin.

State two ways that people with type 2 diabetes can control their blood glucose concentration.

8 People with diabetes cannot always control the concentration of glucose in their blood.

(a) Two people eat identical meals. One person has diabetes, the other person does not have diabetes. Figure 15 shows the concentration of glucose in the blood of these two people after eating the meals.

time after eating the meal in hours

Figure 15

(i) Describe two differences in the concentration of glucose in the blood of the two people shown in Figure 15.

(ii) Calculate the maximum increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood of the person with diabetes.

(iii) Water moved out of the red blood cells of the person with diabetes when the concentration of glucose in the blood was above 15 mmol per dm³. Explain why water moved out of the red blood cells of the person with diabetes.

(b) The pancreas produces a hormone that causes the concentration of glucose in the blood to decrease.

(i) Name this hormone.

(ii) State how this hormone is transported from the pancreas to its target organs.

(iii) Which is the target organ for the hormone that controls the concentration of glucose in the blood?

(c) Explain how type 2 diabetes can be controlled.

People with diabetes cannot always control the concentration of glucose in their blood.

Two people eat identical meals.

One person has diabetes, the other person does not have diabetes.

Figure 4 shows the concentration of glucose in the blood of these two people after eating the meals.

Figure 4

Calculate the maximum increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood of the person with diabetes.

Water moved out of the red blood cells of the person with diabetes when the concentration of glucose in the blood was above 15 mmol per dm³.

Explain why water moved out of the red blood cells of the person with diabetes.

The pancreas produces a hormone that causes the concentration of glucose in the blood to decrease.

Name this hormone.

State how this hormone is transported from the pancreas to its target organs.

Which is the target organ for the hormone that controls the concentration of glucose in the blood?

Explain how type 2 diabetes can be controlled.

6 (a) The combined contraceptive pill contains artificial versions of oestrogen and progesterone.

(i) Explain how the combined contraceptive pill prevents pregnancy.

(ii) When taken correctly, the combined pill can be over 99% effective. Taking the combined pill can lead to weight gain. Give one other disadvantage of using the combined pill as the only method of contraception.

(b) Excessive weight gain and obesity increase the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. Explain the effect of type 2 diabetes on the body.

(c) A woman had unexplained weight loss and fatigue. She had blood tests to investigate the cause of these symptoms. Figure 10 shows the results.

Figure 10

Comment on the results of these blood tests and the possible causes of the woman’s weight loss and fatigue.

Endocrine glands make hormones.

Which endocrine gland is situated in the head and is attached to the brain?

Diabetics cannot effectively control the concentration of glucose in their blood.

Person A has type 1 diabetes.

Person B has type 2 diabetes.

Draw one straight line from each person to the cause of their type of diabetes.

person cause

A scientist investigated how the waist to hip ratio affected the probability of developing type 2 diabetes.

The scientist chose 100 females in each of five waist to hip ratio groups and recorded if they developed type 2 diabetes.

Figure 7 shows the results.

Describe the trend shown in Figure 7.

Use data from Figure 7 in your answer.

A female has a waist measurement of 78.3 cm and a hip measurement of 90.0 cm.

Calculate the waist to hip ratio for this female and use Figure 7 to estimate the probability that she will develop type 2 diabetes.

The scientist also measured the BMI of the females.

BMI and waist to hip ratio are two factors that affect the probability of females developing type 2 diabetes.

State two other factors about the females in the study that would affect the probability of them developing type 2 diabetes.

State why an athlete may have a high BMI but still have a low probability of developing type 2 diabetes.

A hospital patient was tested for diabetes.

A nurse recorded his mass and height.

Figure 10 shows these measurements.

Calculate the BMI of this patient using the information in Figure 10.

Blood samples were taken from this patient every four hours.

The glucose concentrations were recorded in Figure 11.

Describe the trends shown in this data.

This patient was diagnosed as being type 2 diabetic.

Explain why the blood glucose concentration of this patient remained high from 4 hours to 8 hours.

This patient did some exercise during these 24 hours.

Explain how the data in Figure 11 shows that this exercise occurred after 8 hours but before 12 hours.

Which row of the table shows the endocrine gland and hormone involved in the control of blood glucose concentration?

State a target organ for the hormone that controls blood glucose concentration.

People with a high BMI are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. Figure 11 shows the mass, height and BMI for two people.

Use the formula to calculate the BMI for person A

Person B develops type 2 diabetes.

Describe two lifestyle changes person B should make to help to control their blood glucose concentration.

Which row of the table shows the type or types of respiration that use glucose?

A scientist measured the rate of respiration in a person when sleeping and then running at different speeds.

Figure 12 shows the results.

Explain the trend shown in Figure 12.

(a) A person had symptoms including difficulty passing urine, aching in the lower abdomen, constant thirst and fainting.

A sample of their urine was tested. The results are shown in Figure 8.

A doctor analysed the results and asked the person to have further tests for type 2 diabetes.

Give a reason why the doctor came to this conclusion.

Explain why the doctor also concluded that the person had a kidney infection.

Describe how a student could test a sample of urine for the presence of protein.

Describe the route taken by urine from the kidney until it leaves the body.

Urine contains urea.

State how urea is formed in the human body.

Insulin is produced by an endocrine gland and is transported in the blood.

Which row shows the endocrine gland and the target organs for insulin?

Which part of the blood transports insulin to its target organs?

Figure 1 shows the blood glucose and blood insulin concentration for a healthy person during one day.

The blood glucose concentration increases after a meal.

Explain why the blood glucose concentration then decreases.

State one cause of type 1 diabetes.

Explain how controlling the diet can be used to treat type 2 diabetes.

A scientist is planning to test a new treatment for type 2 diabetes.

She selects 300 volunteers who have type 2 diabetes.

State two other factors that the scientist should consider when selecting the 300 volunteers.