Blood vessels

Figure 12 shows the structure of the human heart and the direction of blood flow.

Measure the thickness of the left ventricle wall between points T and U.

Describe how deoxygenated blood leaves the right side of the heart and becomes oxygenated.

Which blood vessel returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart?

Figure 12 shows the valves that stop blood from flowing in the wrong direction.

State the number of valves in the right side of the human heart shown in Figure 12.

The heart is part of the circulatory system.

Describe what happens to the blood when the left ventricle contracts.

Figure 13 shows information about three types of blood vessel.

State the type of blood vessel shown as C in Figure 13.

Describe how the structure of a capillary helps gas exchange in the lungs.

3 Figure 5 shows a diagram of the human blood system.

(a) (i) Name blood vessel X.

(ii) Which row of the table shows the width of the wall and blood pressure in blood vessel X?

(b) Figure 6 shows the pressure of blood flowing through the arteries, capillaries and veins of a person.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 time in seconds

Figure 6

Calculate the difference in blood pressure from the maximum in the arteries to the minimum in the veins.

(c) Figure 7 shows a diagram of a vein with blood cells.

(i) Identify structure Q.

(ii) State the function of structure Q.

(d) Describe how the heart causes blood to move to the lungs.

9 (a) Figure 17 shows a cross-section of an artery and a vein.

(Source: © The University of Kansas Medical Center)

Figure 17

(i) Explain one difference between the artery wall and the vein wall shown in Figure 17.

(ii) Name one structure that is found in veins but not found in arteries.

(b) A human body has 5 dm³ of blood. At rest 20% of the blood travels to the muscles. During exercise 60% of the blood travels to the muscles.

(i) Calculate the volume of blood travelling to the muscles during exercise.

(ii) Explain one reason why there is an increase in blood flow to muscles during exercise.

*(c) Figure 18 shows the structure of the human heart.

Figure 18

Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function.

3 (a) Figure 4 shows a cross-section of an artery and a vein.

(Source: © The University of Kansas Medical Center)

Figure 4

(i) Explain one difference between the artery wall and the vein wall shown in Figure 4.

(ii) Name one structure that is found in veins but not found in arteries.

(b) A human body has 5 dm³ of blood. At rest 20% of the blood travels to the muscles. During exercise 60% of the blood travels to the muscles.

(i) Calculate the volume of blood travelling to the muscles during exercise.

(ii) Explain one reason why there is an increase in blood flow to muscles during exercise.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of the heart.

Figure 1

Draw arrows on Figure 1 to show how oxygenated blood moves through the heart.

What happens when the right ventricle contracts?

Draw one straight line from each structure to its function.

Figure 2 shows a dissected vein.

Explain how the valves in veins help the blood, at low pressure, flow towards the heart.

The equipment used to dissect the vein was cleaned and put into disinfectant.

State why this equipment was put into disinfectant.

Figure 11 shows the time taken for blood to clot at different temperatures.

Draw a graph to show the data in Figure 11.

Give two safety precautions that should be used when handling blood samples.

Which part of the blood causes blood to start clotting?

Give one advantage of a blood clot forming.

Explain how one structure of a vein helps the blood return to the heart.

(a) Figure 6 shows a cross section of an artery and a vein.

(Source: © The University of Kansas Medical Center)

Figure 6

Measure the length of line A and the length of line B in mm.

State the ratio of the thickness of the artery wall to the thickness of the vein wall.

Give a reason why veins have valves.

Name the artery that transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

A scientist investigated the relationship between exercise and the ability to run at 3 metres per second for 20 minutes.

The scientist collected data from six groups of people. Each group exercised for a different number of hours per week for six months.

There were 100 people in each group.

Figure 7 shows their results.

Describe the relationship shown by this data.

Explain why some people’s leg muscles tired quickly and developed cramp when they were running.

(a) Figure 19 shows a diagram of a red blood cell from a turtle and a diagram of a red blood cell from a human.

These cells are animal cells.

Animal cells do not have

The actual length of the red blood cell from a turtle is 20.5 μ m.

Calculate the length of the magnified image of the red blood cell of the turtle when magnified 400 ×.

The width of the human red blood cell, when magnified 400 ×, is 3.08 mm.

Calculate the actual width of the cell and show your answer in standard form.

Red blood cells are carried in veins and arteries.

Figure 20 shows the equipment used to measure the elasticity of an artery.

Describe a method you could use to see how much the ring of tissue from an artery could stretch before it no longer returned to its original size.

Give one safety precaution you need to take when handling animal tissue such as blood vessels.

Figure 21 shows the circulatory system of a frog.

Explain why the circulatory system of a frog is less efficient at carrying oxygen to the tissues than the circulatory system of a human.

(a) Figure 3 shows a diagram of a red blood cell from a turtle and a diagram of a red blood cell from a human.

These cells are animal cells.

Animal cells do not have

The actual length of the red blood cell from a turtle is 20.5 μ m.

Calculate the length of the magnified image of the red blood cell of the turtle when magnified 400 ×.

The width of the human red blood cell, when magnified 400 ×, is 3.08 mm.

Calculate the actual width of the cell and show your answer in standard form.

Red blood cells are carried in veins and arteries.

Figure 4 shows the equipment used to measure the elasticity of an artery.

Describe a method you could use to see how much the ring of tissue from an artery could stretch before it no longer returned to its original size.

Give one safety precaution you need to take when handling animal tissue such as blood vessels.