Edexcel GCSE Biology Paper 2 Foundation June 2023 question paper 1BI0/2F

1 Figure 1 shows a bird called an egret on the back of a buffalo.

(Source: © Jaromir Chalabala/Shutterstock)

(a) (i) The egret eats parasites that live on the skin of the buffalo. Which term describes this relationship, where the buffalo and the egret both benefit?

(ii) The buffalo is part of the carbon cycle. Use words from the box to complete the sentences.

The buffalo gains carbon from the_{..............................................................} in the plants that it eats. Bacteria will_{..............................................................} the waste from the buffalo.

(iii) Figure 2 shows part of the carbon cycle. Draw and label an arrow on Figure 2 to show the process plants use to make glucose from carbon dioxide.

(b) Enzymes are used to digest proteins. Figure 3 shows an enzyme and a protein.

Explain how boiling the enzyme stops the protein being digested.

2 In 2022, temperatures in England were higher than average. The increase in temperature is linked to global warming.

(a) Which human activity is most likely to cause an increase in global warming?

(b) Figure 4 shows the rainfall for one area in England for part of 2022.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug

(i) State two conclusions about the actual rainfall compared with the average rainfall shown in Figure 4.

(ii) The average potato yield for a field is 44 tonnes. The weather in 2022 meant that the actual yield for this field was one quarter lower than this average. Calculate the actual yield of potatoes for this field in 2022.

(iii) Food security occurs when all people are able to access enough safe and nutritious food to meet their requirements for a healthy life. Explain how lower yields of potatoes and other crops could affect food security.

3 Figure 5 shows a diagram of the human blood system.

(a) (i) Name blood vessel X.

(ii) Which row of the table shows the width of the wall and blood pressure in blood vessel X?

(b) Figure 6 shows the pressure of blood flowing through the arteries, capillaries and veins of a person.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 time in seconds

Figure 6

Calculate the difference in blood pressure from the maximum in the arteries to the minimum in the veins.

(c) Figure 7 shows a diagram of a vein with blood cells.

(i) Identify structure Q.

(ii) State the function of structure Q.

(d) Describe how the heart causes blood to move to the lungs.

4 Hormones are chemicals produced in endocrine glands.

(a) Draw one straight line from each hormone to the endocrine gland that produces it.

hormone endocrine gland

(b) Figure 8 shows some of the changes that occur during the menstrual cycle.

0 7 14 21 28 Time (days)

Figure 8

(i) The level of oestrogen peaks on day 13. State the effect on the follicle caused by the peak in oestrogen.

(ii) Describe the effect of progesterone on the uterus lining from day 13 to day 21.

(c) The condom is an example of a barrier contraceptive. State one advantage and one disadvantage of using this barrier method of contraception.

Advantage

Disadvantage

(d) The contraceptive pill is an example of a hormonal method of contraception. Explain one way that the contraceptive pill stops a woman from becoming pregnant.

5 Figure 9 shows a nephron from a kidney. Bowman’s capsule

(a) The pressure of the liquid in the Bowman’s capsule is 1.3 kPa. The pressure of the liquid in the glomerulus is 5.6 times greater than the pressure in the Bowman’s capsule.

(i) Calculate the pressure in the glomerulus. Give your answer to one decimal place.

(ii) The higher pressure in the glomerulus forces some parts of the blood into the Bowman’s capsule. Which row of the table shows the parts of the blood that move into the Bowman’s capsule?

(b) A scientist investigated the concentration of glucose in liquids from three different parts of the nephron.

(i) Describe how the equipment shown in Figure 10 can be used to see if these liquids contain different concentrations of glucose.

(ii) Figure 11 shows the concentration of glucose in the three different parts of the nephron.

Figure 11

Explain one conclusion that can be made from the data in Figure 11.

6 In 2000, a council planted indigenous trees as part of a reforestation programme.

(a) Why were indigenous trees used instead of non-indigenous trees?

(b) The animal biodiversity in this reforested area was measured from 2004 to 2017. Biodiversity is measured on a scale from 0 to 1. 0 = low biodiversity 1 = maximum biodiversity Figure 12 shows the results.

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Figure 12

(i) Draw a straight line of best fit on Figure 12 to show the main trend in this data.

(ii) Estimate the animal biodiversity of the reforested area in 2022.

(c) (i) The data to calculate animal biodiversity was collected using the following method.

• a 100 m² area was chosen

• three 1 m² quadrats were placed randomly on the ground

• animals inside the quadrat were counted

• the number of each species of animal was recorded

State two ways that the quality of the results from this method could be improved.

(ii) State why point A on Figure 12 was ignored when considering the trend in animal biodiversity.

(iii) The data shown in Figure 12 was collected during the summer. Explain why animal biodiversity would be different if the data had been collected in the winter.

(d) A scientist observes that trees at the edge of a forest shade part of a field. Describe how a belt transect could be used to see how light intensity affects the biodiversity of plants growing in the field.

7 (a) Figure 13 shows three organisms that live in pond water. Oxygen diffuses across the cell membranes of these organisms.

species A species B species C

Figure 13

(i) Which row of the table shows the conditions needed for oxygen to diffuse from species A into the pond water?

(ii) Species B has a surface area of 9 000μm² and a volume of 6 000μm³. Calculate surface area to volume ratio for species B.

(iii) The surface area to volume ratio for a cell of species A is 1: 1. The surface area to volume ratio for each cell in species C is 1: 4. Explain how the different surface areas will affect the diffusion of oxygen out of the cells of species A and species C.

(b) Some species of algae that photosynthesise have vacuoles that are filled with gas. These vacuoles help the algae to float in water. State how these vacuoles help the algae survive.

*(c) Figure 14 shows leaves on a branch of a tree.

(Source: © Butus/Shutterstock)

Figure 14

Explain how leaves are adapted for photosynthesis.

8 People with diabetes cannot always control the concentration of glucose in their blood.

(a) Two people eat identical meals. One person has diabetes, the other person does not have diabetes. Figure 15 shows the concentration of glucose in the blood of these two people after eating the meals.

time after eating the meal in hours

Figure 15

(i) Describe two differences in the concentration of glucose in the blood of the two people shown in Figure 15.

(ii) Calculate the maximum increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood of the person with diabetes.

(iii) Water moved out of the red blood cells of the person with diabetes when the concentration of glucose in the blood was above 15 mmol per dm³. Explain why water moved out of the red blood cells of the person with diabetes.

(b) The pancreas produces a hormone that causes the concentration of glucose in the blood to decrease.

(i) Name this hormone.

(ii) State how this hormone is transported from the pancreas to its target organs.

(iii) Which is the target organ for the hormone that controls the concentration of glucose in the blood?

(c) Explain how type 2 diabetes can be controlled.

9 Respiration occurs in cells.

(a) Why do cells respire?

(b) An athlete runs every day as part of their training.

(i) Explain why the breathing rate of the athlete increases when running.

(ii) When the athlete is running, their muscle cells use both aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. State two differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

(c) Bromothymol blue (BTB) solution is an indicator of pH. Figure 16 shows the colour of BTB at different pH levels.

Figure 16

When air is passed through green BTB, for one minute, the solution stays green. When a person breathes out through a straw into BTB for one minute the solution turns yellow.

(i) Explain why the air breathed out turns the BTB solution yellow.

*(ii) Devise a plan, using green BTB solution, to investigate the amount of carbon dioxide in the air athletes breathe out after they have been running at different speeds. Include:

• how you would use green BTB solution.

• how you would control at least two variables.

10 (a) A student wanted to make a jacket to wear in cold weather. The student compared the insulation properties of wool as a natural material with polyester as a synthetic material. Each material was wrapped around a beaker containing hot water as shown in Figure 17. The temperature was recorded every 2 minutes for 12 minutes. thermometer thermometer

Figure 17

(i) Which part of the body controls the regulation of body temperature?

(ii) State one variable that should be controlled in this investigation.

(iii) Describe a control that could be used for this investigation.

(b) The results for this investigation are shown in Figure 18.

(i) Compare and contrast the temperature changes for wool and polyester in this investigation.

(ii) State one improvement to this investigation that would make the results more comparable.

(c) (i) Wearing an insulated jacket may cause a person to sweat. Explain how sweating helps to regulate temperature in humans.

(ii) Sweat contains urea. State where and how urea is produced in the human body.