Hormones and the endocrine system

Draw one straight line from each hormone to the endocrine gland that produces it.

Figure 1 shows the concentration of glucose in the blood of a person for a period of six hours.

State the highest blood glucose concentration during this six hour period.

Insulin was released from the pancreas at 13:30.

Describe the changes in the concentration of glucose in the blood from 13:30 to 18:00.

The cells of people with type 2 diabetes do not respond to insulin.

Describe two ways that a person with type 2 diabetes can control the concentration of glucose in their blood.

Endocrine glands produce hormones.

Draw two crosses on Figure 5 to show the position of the ovaries.

Progesterone is produced in the ovaries.

State one effect of progesterone on the uterus lining.

Insulin is a hormone that controls blood glucose concentration.

Which endocrine gland produces insulin?

State how insulin is transported from its endocrine gland to its target organs.

Name the main target organ for insulin.

People with type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin.

Figure 6 shows the blood glucose concentration for a person with type 1 diabetes.

Describe the trend from midday to 1 pm.

State what a person with type 1 diabetes could have done to cause the change in the blood glucose concentration from 1.05 pm to 1.30 pm.

People with type 2 diabetes have cells that do not respond to insulin.

State two ways that people with type 2 diabetes can control their blood glucose concentration.

1 (a) Banting and Best were the first scientists to use the hormone insulin for the treatment of diabetes. They extracted insulin from the body organs of animals.

(i) Which body organ produces insulin?

(ii) How does insulin travel to its target organ?

(b) Tasting urine was one of the first ways doctors tested for diabetes. If the urine tasted sweet, the patient may have diabetes. Describe the chemical test we now use to test for glucose in urine.

(c) A scientist wanted to compare the glucose concentration in two urine samples. State two variables that need to be controlled for the comparison to be valid.

4 Hormones are chemicals produced in endocrine glands.

(a) Draw one straight line from each hormone to the endocrine gland that produces it.

hormone endocrine gland

(b) Figure 8 shows some of the changes that occur during the menstrual cycle.

0 7 14 21 28 Time (days)

Figure 8

(i) The level of oestrogen peaks on day 13. State the effect on the follicle caused by the peak in oestrogen.

(ii) Describe the effect of progesterone on the uterus lining from day 13 to day 21.

(c) The condom is an example of a barrier contraceptive. State one advantage and one disadvantage of using this barrier method of contraception.

Advantage

Disadvantage

(d) The contraceptive pill is an example of a hormonal method of contraception. Explain one way that the contraceptive pill stops a woman from becoming pregnant.

8 People with diabetes cannot always control the concentration of glucose in their blood.

(a) Two people eat identical meals. One person has diabetes, the other person does not have diabetes. Figure 15 shows the concentration of glucose in the blood of these two people after eating the meals.

time after eating the meal in hours

Figure 15

(i) Describe two differences in the concentration of glucose in the blood of the two people shown in Figure 15.

(ii) Calculate the maximum increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood of the person with diabetes.

(iii) Water moved out of the red blood cells of the person with diabetes when the concentration of glucose in the blood was above 15 mmol per dm³. Explain why water moved out of the red blood cells of the person with diabetes.

(b) The pancreas produces a hormone that causes the concentration of glucose in the blood to decrease.

(i) Name this hormone.

(ii) State how this hormone is transported from the pancreas to its target organs.

(iii) Which is the target organ for the hormone that controls the concentration of glucose in the blood?

(c) Explain how type 2 diabetes can be controlled.

People with diabetes cannot always control the concentration of glucose in their blood.

Two people eat identical meals.

One person has diabetes, the other person does not have diabetes.

Figure 4 shows the concentration of glucose in the blood of these two people after eating the meals.

Figure 4

Calculate the maximum increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood of the person with diabetes.

Water moved out of the red blood cells of the person with diabetes when the concentration of glucose in the blood was above 15 mmol per dm³.

Explain why water moved out of the red blood cells of the person with diabetes.

The pancreas produces a hormone that causes the concentration of glucose in the blood to decrease.

Name this hormone.

State how this hormone is transported from the pancreas to its target organs.

Which is the target organ for the hormone that controls the concentration of glucose in the blood?

Explain how type 2 diabetes can be controlled.

8 The effect of different types of exercise on the heart rate of an athlete was investigated. The athlete counted the number of beats in 10 seconds at the carotid artery pulse point, as shown in Figure 12. This measurement was used to calculate the heart rate.

(Source: © dityazemli/Shutterstock)

Figure 12

The athlete exercised for 20 minutes. The heart rate was recorded every 5 minutes during each type of exercise.

(a) (i) State how the heart rate was calculated using this method.

(ii) Give two ways of improving the method used to obtain the data needed to calculate the heart rate.

Figure 13 shows the results of this investigation.

Figure 13

(iii) Comment on the difference in the heart rates during these types of exercise.

(b) Exercise increases adrenalin levels.

(i) State which endocrine gland secretes adrenalin.

(ii) Explain the effect of adrenalin on liver cells during exercise.

(c) After high intensity exercise, the pH of muscles can decrease from pH 7.0 to pH 6.3. Explain this change in pH.

Endocrine glands make hormones.

Which endocrine gland is situated in the head and is attached to the brain?

Diabetics cannot effectively control the concentration of glucose in their blood.

Person A has type 1 diabetes.

Person B has type 2 diabetes.

Draw one straight line from each person to the cause of their type of diabetes.

person cause

A scientist investigated how the waist to hip ratio affected the probability of developing type 2 diabetes.

The scientist chose 100 females in each of five waist to hip ratio groups and recorded if they developed type 2 diabetes.

Figure 7 shows the results.

Describe the trend shown in Figure 7.

Use data from Figure 7 in your answer.

A female has a waist measurement of 78.3 cm and a hip measurement of 90.0 cm.

Calculate the waist to hip ratio for this female and use Figure 7 to estimate the probability that she will develop type 2 diabetes.

The scientist also measured the BMI of the females.

BMI and waist to hip ratio are two factors that affect the probability of females developing type 2 diabetes.

State two other factors about the females in the study that would affect the probability of them developing type 2 diabetes.

State why an athlete may have a high BMI but still have a low probability of developing type 2 diabetes.

Methods of contraception include use of hormones and barrier methods.

Which form of contraception is a barrier method?

State why a barrier method of contraception may be used in addition to a hormonal method.

The combined contraceptive pill contains the hormones oestrogen and progesterone.

State the endocrine gland that releases oestrogen.

Explain how high levels of oestrogen and progesterone in the combined contraceptive pill work together to prevent pregnancy.

Hormones can also be used to treat infertility.

Explain how clomifene therapy and IVF can improve female fertility.

clomifene therapy_........

Hyperthyroidism is caused by an overactive thyroid gland.

Figure 14 shows a person with a normal thyroid gland and a person with hyperthyroidism.

State one effect of hyperthyroidism on the thyroid gland.

The thyroid gland is part of the

Explain how negative feedback, involving the thyroid gland, controls metabolic rate.

(4).

*(c) Explain how hormones control the menstrual cycle.

Figure 3 shows the positions of the endocrine glands in a woman and a man.

Draw one straight line from each hormone to the effect of the hormone on the body.

How is adrenalin transported from the adrenal glands to its target organs?

What name is given to the process of maintaining the internal body conditions?

Figure 4 shows the concentration of glucose in the blood of a person.

Describe the trends shown in Figure 4 from 0 minutes to 30 minutes.

Explain why the concentration of glucose decreases from 30 minutes to 40 minutes.

(a) (i) Women with the condition known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) do not ovulate regularly.

Women with PCOS can be treated using clomifene therapy.

Clomifene therapy stimulates the production of FSH.

Name the endocrine gland that produces FSH.

During this therapy, a woman takes a clomifene tablet each day for the first five days of her menstrual cycle.

Describe the changes that would happen inside the ovaries during the first five days of this treatment.

Which hormone causes ovulation?

During clomifene therapy, the woman has a blood test on day 20 of the menstrual cycle.

The blood test shows a high level of progesterone.

Explain the cause of this high level of progesterone on day 20 of the menstrual cycle.

Hormones are also used as a method of contraception.

Explain why taking high levels of oestrogen and progesterone in the combined contraceptive pill reduces the chance of pregnancy.

The female population of Britain is 32.6 million.

The percentage of this population taking the combined contraceptive pill is 13.2%.

The combined pill is 98.8% effective.

Calculate the maximum number of females taking the combined contraceptive pill who could become pregnant.

Insulin is produced by an endocrine gland and is transported in the blood.

Which row shows the endocrine gland and the target organs for insulin?

Which part of the blood transports insulin to its target organs?

Figure 1 shows the blood glucose and blood insulin concentration for a healthy person during one day.

The blood glucose concentration increases after a meal.

Explain why the blood glucose concentration then decreases.

State one cause of type 1 diabetes.

Explain how controlling the diet can be used to treat type 2 diabetes.

A scientist is planning to test a new treatment for type 2 diabetes.

She selects 300 volunteers who have type 2 diabetes.

State two other factors that the scientist should consider when selecting the 300 volunteers.