Edexcel GCSE Biology Paper 2 Foundation November 2021 question paper 1BI0/2F

Figure 1 shows human blood seen using a light microscope.

The organelle labelled X controls the activities of the white blood cell.

What is the name of organelle X?

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.

Red blood cells contain the substance_........ .

Blood plasma is a_........ .

Describe two ways that white blood cells protect the body from disease.

Figure 2 shows a white blood cell on a 100 µ m scale.

State the width of the white blood cell.

Figure 1 shows human blood seen using a light microscope.

Explain why using an electron microscope shows the structures in the white blood cells more clearly.

There are three levels of organisation in an ecosystem.

Which order shows the levels of organisation from lowest to highest?

Figure 3 shows food webs for two gardens.

Slug pellets are put on the soil around the lettuce plants in garden A and garden B.

Slug pellets kill slugs.

A scientist predicts that the number of caterpillars will decrease in garden A.

Give one reason why the number of caterpillars will decrease in garden A.

The scientist predicts that the number of caterpillars will increase in garden B.

Give one reason why the number of caterpillars will increase in garden B.

Figure 4 shows the population of slugs in garden A for five years.

Slug pellets were used during the first year.

slug

Describe the trend in the slug population from year 1 to year 5.

Flatworms from New Zealand that eat slugs are now living in the UK.

Which term describes a species from one country that is living in another country?

Figure 5 shows tiny white animals called mites on the skin of a slug.

The mites feed on blood.

Explain why these mites are classed as parasites.

A student investigated fish food.

The student added some fish food to a blue liquid in a test tube.

The solution turned from blue to purple.

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.

The blue liquid was_........ solution.

The purple colour showed that the fish food contained_........ .

The blue solution may be harmful if swallowed.

Which procedure is a health and safety precaution needed for this investigation?

Fish eat fish food.

The fish food contains energy.

Some of this energy is used by the fish for growth.

Figure 6 shows this energy transfer.

Each square in Figure 6 represents 1 kJ of energy.

Calculate the percentage of energy from the fish food that has been used in the growth of fish.

Describe what happened to the fish food that was eaten but was not used in the growth of the fish.

Endocrine glands make hormones.

Which endocrine gland is situated in the head and is attached to the brain?

Diabetics cannot effectively control the concentration of glucose in their blood.

Person A has type 1 diabetes.

Person B has type 2 diabetes.

Draw one straight line from each person to the cause of their type of diabetes.

person cause

A scientist investigated how the waist to hip ratio affected the probability of developing type 2 diabetes.

The scientist chose 100 females in each of five waist to hip ratio groups and recorded if they developed type 2 diabetes.

Figure 7 shows the results.

Describe the trend shown in Figure 7.

Use data from Figure 7 in your answer.

A female has a waist measurement of 78.3 cm and a hip measurement of 90.0 cm.

Calculate the waist to hip ratio for this female and use Figure 7 to estimate the probability that she will develop type 2 diabetes.

The scientist also measured the BMI of the females.

BMI and waist to hip ratio are two factors that affect the probability of females developing type 2 diabetes.

State two other factors about the females in the study that would affect the probability of them developing type 2 diabetes.

State why an athlete may have a high BMI but still have a low probability of developing type 2 diabetes.

In Ireland during the 19th century, a mould caused potato plants to rot.

Explain how this mould affected food security in Ireland.

A group of pupils investigated the effect of temperature on mould growth on bread.

Figure 8 shows the bread after being kept at different temperatures for seven days.

Which is the best estimate of the percentage cover of mould on the bread at 40C?

State two conclusions that can be made about the growth of mould on the bread from 0C to 40C shown in Figure 8.

Explain why there was no mould growing on the bread kept at 60C.

Figure 9 shows some part-baked bread in a sealed bag.

The gas in the bag is nitrogen, which prevents the bread from going mouldy.

If the bag is opened, the bread goes mouldy within days.

State why the bread goes mouldy.

Explain why keeping food in a fridge slows down the growth of mould.

Figure 10 shows a single-celled pond organism (Amoeba proteus).

Which row of the table allows the net diffusion of oxygen into Amoeba proteus ?

Amoeba proteus uses oxygen for aerobic respiration.

Complete the equation for aerobic respiration.

glucose + oxygen _........ +_........ (+ energy is released)

Humans breathe faster when they exercise.

Which two changes allow the rate of respiration in the muscle to increase?

Figure 11 shows breathing data for a human at rest and when running at 5 metres per second on a running machine.

Calculate the mean volume of air breathed per minute when running at 5 metres per second.

Give your answer to one decimal place.

_........ dm³ per minute

Devise an investigation to compare the mean number of breaths per minute for men, with the mean number of breaths per minute for women, when running at 5 metres per second on a running machine.

Whilst running, the leg muscles of an athlete tightened up, causing cramp.

Name the product of anaerobic respiration that can cause cramp.

Figure 12 shows how the leaves are arranged on a plant.

Which reason explains why the leaves are arranged in this way?

Figure 13 shows guard cells and stomata on the lower surface of a leaf.

(Source: © Rattiya Thongdumhyu/Shutterstock)

Figure 13

Measure the length of the line on the labelled guard cell in mm.

The actual length of the labelled guard cell is 0.05 mm.

Calculate the magnification of this image.

Figure 14 shows the number of stomata per mm² on the lower surface of leaves from plants growing in soils with different water content.

Explain the difference in the number of stomata per mm² on the leaves of the plants grown in dry and wet soils.

*(d) Figure 15a shows a plant that has been placed on its side.

Figure 15b shows the same plant after 5 days.

Explain why the growth of the plant has changed.

Figure 16 shows an area of woodland with some small plants growing in the ground between the trees.

(Source: © Maksym Holovinov/Shutterstock)

Figure 16

The leaves of the small plants are green.

Describe how these plants make glucose.

Name a group of organisms that break down the dead leaves and release mineral ions into the soil.

The mineral ions are absorbed from the soil into the roots of plants.

Describe how these mineral ions are transported from the roots to the leaves of the plants.

A scientist recorded the mean light intensity and the mean number of small plants per m² for six 25 m² areas of the woodland.

Figure 17 shows the results.

Explain the effect of light intensity on the number of small plants per m².

State one variable the scientist should have controlled to make sure the light intensity measurements could be compared.

The scientist selects an area near the edge of the woodland where many stinging nettles are growing.

This area is partly shaded by the trees.

Describe how the scientist should use a belt transect to investigate how light intensity affects the growth of stinging nettles.

Figure 18 shows ciliated epithelial cells from the airways of a human as seen using a light microscope.

Draw the cell labelled A in the box below.

Label three parts of this cell on your diagram.

State the function of the ciliated epithelial cells in the airways of the human breathing system.

Figure 19 shows equipment used to investigate the rate of respiration in maggots.

As the maggots respire, the drop of coloured liquid moves towards the test tube.

Figure 20 shows the position of the drop of coloured liquid after ten minutes.

Use information from Figures 19 and 20 to calculate the mean rate of respiration of the maggots in mm per minute.

*(c) Explain how alveoli in human lungs are adapted for gas exchange.

Include the names of the gases that are being exchanged.

Figure 21 shows the human urinary system.

Urine is made by removing water, urea and salts from the blood.

Use the letter X to label where urine is made.

Which substance is converted to urea in the liver?

A patient cannot remove enough urea from the blood when making urine.

Figure 22 shows a dialysis machine attached to the arm of this patient.

Their blood is pumped out of their arm, passed through the dialysis machine, and then put back into the patient.

Describe what happens to urea as the blood passes through the dialysis machine.

Two patients need to have dialysis treatment.

Patient A needs this treatment three times a week.

Patient B needs this treatment once a week.

Give one reason why patient B needs dialysis treatment less often than patient A.

Describe how to test for glucose in the dialysis fluid.

Urease is an enzyme that breaks down urea into smaller molecules.

Explain why urease will not break down starch into smaller molecules.