Eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells

Genes control natural hair colour in humans.

Which term describes the differences in hair colour?

Genes are found on chromosomes.

Name the part of the human cell where chromosomes are found.

The hair colour of 24 students was recorded.

Figure 1 shows the results.

Complete Figure 2 to show the tally and the total for brown hair.

Complete the bar chart to show the totals in Figure 2 and label the x ‑axis.

Figure 3 shows a sperm cell.

Name the part labelled R.

Draw one straight line from each part of the sperm cell to its function.

Animal and plant cells are both eukaryotic.

State one structure found in a plant cell that is not found in an animal cell.

DNA is found in cells.

Figure 4 shows part of a DNA molecule.

Which type of large molecule is DNA?

Describe how the bases of a DNA molecule are held together.

The pathogen Vibrio cholerae causes the disease cholera.

Figure 7 shows Vibrio cholerae bacteria.

Complete the table to show the function of structure P and structure Q.

On the original image, the length of one bacterial cell is 12 mm.

The actual length of this bacterial cell is 2.0 µ m.

Calculate the magnification.

State one symptom of the disease caused by Vibrio cholerae.

State how the disease caused by Vibrio cholerae is transmitted.

Describe the specific immune response when a pathogen infects the body.

A student made a microscope slide of cells taken from the inside of their mouth.

The student wore gloves while using a swab to collect cells from their mouth.

Give one other safety precaution the student should take.

A light microscope was used to obtain an image similar to the one shown in Figure 6.

(Source: © STEVE GSCHMEISSNER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY)

Figure 6

Describe how the student used the light microscope to view these cells at a magnification of 400.

The cytoplasm of a cell contains a nucleus.

Explain the role of one other structure in the cytoplasm of a human cell.

DNA can be extracted from human cells in a similar way to the method used to extract DNA from fruits.

Describe the stages of the method used to extract DNA from cells.

The Human Genome Project sequenced the order of the bases in the human genome.

Give two other outcomes from the Human Genome Project.

Scientists use microscopes to study cells.

Figure 1 shows a light microscope.

Draw one straight line from each part of the microscope to its function.

Figure 2 shows two photographs of bacteria.

Photograph A was taken through a light microscope.

Photograph B was taken using an electron microscope.

Draw, in the box, the bacterial cell labelled X.

Label one part of the bacterial cell on your diagram.

State one advantage of using a light microscope and one advantage of using an electron microscope to study these bacterial cells.

A light microscope_........

An electron microscope_........

Figure 7 shows the structure of a leaf.

Which layer has the highest number of chloroplasts per cell?

When iodine solution was put onto these cells, small parts of the cells became blue‑black.

Name the substance stored in the parts of the cells that turned blue‑black.

State how the guard cells control the amount of gas exchange that occurs through the stomata.

A scientist measured the thickness of the cuticle from the leaves of plants growing in soil that had a different percentage of water content.

The scientist measured six plants at each percentage of water content.

Figure 8 shows the results.

Calculate the mean thickness of cuticle for the plants growing in soil containing 15% water.

Give your answer to one decimal place.

Explain why the thickness of the cuticle is different when a plant is grown in soil with a higher water content.

State one other way that the leaves of plants are adapted to help plants grow in soil with low water content.

Figure 13 shows a root hair cell from a plant.

Name the part labelled X.

State one way that the structure of the root hair cell increases the volume of substances it absorbs.

Explain why root hair cells do not contain chloroplasts.

*(c) The arrows in Figure 15 show the direction of water movement through a tree.

Explain how water is moved from the soil, through the plant and into the air.

3 (a) Figure 2 shows a root hair cell from a plant.

(i) Name the part labelled X.

(ii) State one way that the structure of the root hair cell increases the volume of substances it absorbs.

(iii) Explain why root hair cells do not contain chloroplasts.

from the Elodea cells in tap water.

(ii) Explain why placing the Elodea cells in the 10% salt solution causes the changes seen in Figure 3.

Figure 1 shows an animal cell.

Which part of the cell is labelled Y?

Which structures are found in the part labelled Z?

Name the part of an animal cell where respiration occurs.

A microscope can be used to observe the structure of a cell.

Figure 2 shows a microscope.

Give one advantage of using a microscope to look at cells.

Draw one straight line from each part of the microscope to its function.

Figure 3 shows some of the units used when cells and organelles are measured.

Give the name of the smallest unit shown in Figure 3.

Figure 6 shows the bones in the limbs of a bird and a whale.

The bird and the whale have evolved from a common ancestor.

Give one way the structure of these limbs provides evidence for this evolution.

Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Which scientist worked with Darwin on the theory of evolution by natural selection?

DNA is found in bones and stem cells.

Suggest one reason why DNA is found in bones.

Describe how stem cells help animals to grow.

Scientists have transplanted stem cells into the retina of the eye.

Name one type of light sensitive cell found in the retina.

Explain one reason for transplanting stem cells into the retina.

Figure 17 shows colonies of bacteria growing on an agar plate.

Each colony starts as one bacterium.

Every time bacteria reproduce, the number of bacteria in each colony doubles.

Calculate the number of bacteria in a colony after five hours, if each bacterium reproduces every 30 minutes.

Some bacteria are pathogens.

State the meaning of the term pathogen.

Explain why antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections.

A rod-shaped bacterium is 0.005 mm long.

A student draws the rod-shaped bacterium.

The bacterium in the drawing is 80 mm long.

Calculate the magnification of this drawing.

* (c) Figure 18 shows a bacterial cell and a plant cell.

Describe the similarities and differences of a bacterial cell and a plant cell.

A student investigated the movement of water in potatoes.

The student used three identical cubes of potato.

The size of a cube is shown in Figure 12.

Calculate the volume of this cube.

Include the units in your answer.

One cube was placed in water and each of the other two cubes were placed in solutions with different concentrations of salt.

The cubes were left for 20 minutes.

Figure 13 shows the student’s results.

Give one way the student could ensure the measurement of the mass of the cubes is accurate.

Explain the mass change in the cube in the concentrated salt solution.

The student wanted to find the concentration of salt solution where the potato cube did not change mass.

Describe how the student could modify this investigation to find this concentration.

Explain why potato cells do not burst when placed in water.

Figure 18 shows two light receptor cells from the human eye.

Which part of the eye contains light receptor cells?

These cells require energy.

The cell organelles labelled X release energy during respiration.

Name the organelles labelled X.

The cell organelle labelled Y contains chromosomes.

Name the organelle labelled Y.

Cell A responds to dim light and is responsible for night vision.

Name cell A.

Describe how the role of light receptor cell B is different from the role of light receptor cell A.

The optic nerve carries information from the back of the eye to the brain.

The optic nerve is 47 mm in length.

Nerve impulses travel at 75 metres per second.

Calculate the time an impulse takes to travel the length of the optic nerve. Use the equation: speed =

The impulse travels to the occipital lobe of the brain. The occipital lobe is labelled in Figure 19.

Which part of the brain contains the occipital lobe?

State the sense most likely to be affected if the occipital lobe is damaged.

Figure 3 shows two light receptor cells from the human eye.

Which part of the eye contains light receptor cells?

These cells require energy.

The cell organelles labelled X release energy during respiration.

Name the organelles labelled X.

The cell organelle labelled Y contains chromosomes.

Name the organelle labelled Y.

Cell A responds to dim light and is responsible for night vision.

Name cell A.

Describe how the role of light receptor cell B is different from the role of light receptor cell A.

The optic nerve carries information from the back of the eye to the brain.

The optic nerve is 47 mm in length.

Nerve impulses travel at 75 metres per second.

Calculate the time an impulse takes to travel the length of the optic nerve. Use the equation: speed =

The impulse travels to the occipital lobe of the brain. The occipital lobe is labelled in Figure 4.

Which part of the brain contains the occipital lobe?

State the sense most likely to be affected if the occipital lobe is damaged.

In 2017, a new strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria was discovered that was resistant to 26 different antibiotics.

Explain how Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria developed resistance to antibiotics.

State how the use of antibiotics could contribute to Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria developing resistance to antibiotics.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a prokaryotic cell.

Which is a characteristic feature of a prokaryotic cell?

New antibiotics are being developed to treat the disease caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Describe the stages of antibiotic development that would occur after the discovery of a new antibiotic.

2 (a) Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets.

(i) Draw one straight line from each part of the blood to its function.

part of the blood function

Figure 2 shows some red blood cells.

(Source: © SciePro/Shutterstock)

Figure 2

(ii) State two features that can be seen in the red blood cells in Figure 2.

(b) Lymphocytes are white blood cells that produce large amounts of protein.

(i) Which organelle is needed to produce large amounts of protein?

A small lymphocyte has a diameter of 10 µ m (micrometres). A microscope magnifies this lymphocyte 400 times.

(ii) Calculate the diameter of the image of the lymphocyte seen using this microscope.

image size_{..............................................................}

(iii) How many micrometres are in 1 mm (millimetre)?

4 (a) Figure 5 shows some onion cells that have been soaked in a concentrated salt solution.

(Source: © Rattiya Thongdumhyu/Shutterstock)

Figure 5

(i) The cells in Figure 5 have been stained. Give one reason why the cells have been stained.

(ii) Which is the name of the structure labelled V?

(iii) The salt solution outside the cell has a higher concentration than the solution inside the cell. Explain why the cytoplasm shrinks away from the sides of the cell when the cells are in salt solution.

(b) Figure 6 shows the equipment used to prepare a microscope slide of onion cells.

Describe how this equipment could be used to prepare a slide of onion cells to view under a microscope.

(c) A student investigated the percentage change in mass of potato cylinders placed in sucrose solutions of different concentrations. Figure 7 shows the results of the student’s investigation.

concentration of sucrose solution in mol/dm³

Figure 7

State two conclusions that can be made from these results.

8 (a) Figure 14 shows a diagram of a plant root hair cell.

Figure 14

(i) Name the part labelled R.

(ii) Explain one adaptation of a root hair cell that increases the absorption of water and mineral ions.

(b) Figure 15 shows xylem and phloem from the stem of a plant.

Figure 15

(i) Living cells in phloem use energy to transport sucrose. Which organelles release energy in living cells?

(ii) Describe two features of the structure of xylem vessels that can be seen in Figure 15.

(c) A scientist investigated how the flow of air affected the rate of transpiration in a plant. A fan was used to change the flow of air. The volume of water taken up by the plant was measured. Figure 16 shows the results of this investigation. fan switched on

time in minutes

Figure 16

(i) Explain why switching on the fan caused a change in the volume of water taken up by the plant.

(ii) Give one reason why the volume of water taken up by the plant was also measured when the fan was not switched on.

(iii) Calculate the rate of water uptake from 8 minutes to 10 minutes when the fan was switched on. Use the equation

_{..............................................................}mm³ per minute

2 (a) Figure 2 shows xylem and phloem from the stem of a plant.

(i) Living cells in phloem use energy to transport sucrose. Which organelles release energy in living cells?

(ii) Describe two features of the structure of xylem vessels that can be seen in Figure 2.

(b) A scientist investigated how the flow of air affected the rate of transpiration in a plant. A fan was used to change the flow of air. The volume of water taken up by the plant was measured. Figure 3 shows the results of this investigation. fan switched on

time in minutes

Figure 3

(i) Explain why switching on the fan caused a change in the volume of water taken up by the plant.

(ii) Give one reason why the volume of water taken up by the plant was also measured when the fan was not switched on.

(iii) Calculate the rate of water uptake from 8 minutes to 10 minutes when the fan was switched on. Use the equation

_{..............................................................}mm³ per minute

1 (a) Animals and plants are made of cells. Figure 1 shows two types of cell from a human.

cheek cell sperm cell

Figure 1

(i) Which part of the cheek cell is labelled W?

(ii) Which labelled part of the sperm cell is also found in the cheek cell?

(b) Name the part of a plant cell that gives the cell support and protection.

(c) Some cells contain starch. Describe the chemical test for starch.

(d) Figure 2 shows the results of some food tests.

(i) Give the letter of the food sample that contains fat.

(ii) Give the letter of the food sample that contains reducing sugars and protein.

Figure 1 shows human blood seen using a light microscope.

The organelle labelled X controls the activities of the white blood cell.

What is the name of organelle X?

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.

Red blood cells contain the substance_........ .

Blood plasma is a_........ .

Describe two ways that white blood cells protect the body from disease.

Figure 2 shows a white blood cell on a 100 µ m scale.

State the width of the white blood cell.

Figure 1 shows human blood seen using a light microscope.

Explain why using an electron microscope shows the structures in the white blood cells more clearly.

Figure 4 shows three cells.

What is structure X ?

The bacterial cell in Figure 4 has a flagellum.

State the function of a flagellum.

Give one other difference between the bacterial cell and the animal cell shown in Figure 4.

Substances move into and out of cells.

How does oxygen move into and out of cells?

A plant leaf cell is 0.04 mm long.

Calculate the length of the image after this cell has been magnified 500 times.

Figure 14 shows a banana plantation.

After the bananas have been harvested, the old plants are cut down.

The suckers then develop into mature plants producing the next crop of bananas.

The tip of each sucker contains a group of cells called a meristem.

Describe the function of a meristem in the growth of a plant.

A student took a sample of cells from a meristem to view under a light microscope.

Describe how the student would prepare a microscope slide using these cells.

Figure 15 is a drawing of a eukaryotic cell.

Structure Z is found in plant leaf cells.

Name structure Z.

Give one function of the mitochondrion.

*(c) DNA is found in the nucleus of cells.

Describe the structure of DNA and how it can be extracted from plant cells.

Figure 2 shows a banana plantation.

After the bananas have been harvested, the old plants are cut down.

The suckers then develop into mature plants producing the next crop of bananas.

The tip of each sucker contains a group of cells called a meristem.

Describe the function of a meristem in the growth of a plant.

A student took a sample of cells from a meristem to view under a light microscope.

Describe how the student would prepare a microscope slide using these cells.

Figure 3 is a drawing of a eukaryotic cell.

Structure Z is found in plant leaf cells.

Name structure Z.

Give one function of the mitochondrion.

Describe how a prokaryotic cell is different from the cell in Figure 3.

Figure 5 shows a great tit on a bird feeder.

Scientists have found that great tits living now have longer beaks than great tits living 50 years ago.

Genetic analysis shows changes in the sequence of the bird’s DNA.

Give the complementary strand sequence for this DNA template.

Which statement correctly describes a DNA molecule?

State the term used to describe a change in the sequence of DNA bases.

Scientists think that great tits living now have longer beaks because of the increased use of bird feeders during the last 50 years.

Explain how natural selection could have caused an increase in beak length because of the use of bird feeders.

Birds are classified in the domain Eukarya.

Why are the cells from birds described as eukaryotic?

Give one reason why the three domain classification system was proposed.

Figure 6 shows a root hair cell from a strawberry plant.

Label the cell vacuole in Figure 6.

Explain how the structure of root hair cells increases water absorption from the soil.

Figure 7 shows fungus growing on strawberries.

The fungus is decomposing the strawberries.

A scientist investigated the effect of temperature on the decomposition of strawberries.

The scientist spread fresh strawberries on six trays.

Each tray was kept at a different temperature.

After five days the scientist measured the area of fungus that had grown on each tray of strawberries.

The results are shown in Figure 8.

The mean rate of growth of fungus at 25C was 12 cm² per day.

Calculate the mean rate of growth of fungus at 30C.

_........ cm² per day

State the effect of temperature on the growth of fungus on strawberries from 5C to 30C.

Decomposition of strawberries can be prevented by boiling the strawberries with sugar to make jam.

Enzymes in the fungus caused decomposition.

Explain how boiling stops the enzymes from working.

Cells from a fungus can land on jam.

The sugar solution inside the jam is more concentrated than the sugar solution inside the fungus cells.

State how osmosis causes the fungus cells to die.

Figure 18 shows the leaves and flowers of water lily plants (Nymphaea odorata) on a lake.

Water lilies have stomata on the upper surface of the leaves.

Explain why water lilies have no stomata on the lower surface of the leaves.

The white petals of the water lily flowers cannot photosynthesise.

Which structure in leaf cells is the site of photosynthesis?

Glucose is made by photosynthesis.

Glucose is converted to another sugar to be transported in the plant.

What is the name of this sugar?

Describe how this sugar is transported from the leaves to the flowers of the water lily.

Figure 19 shows water lilies growing in a lake in Europe.

One water lily plant was brought from America 10 years ago and planted in the lake shown in Figure 19.

Explain why this non‑indigenous plant now covers the whole surface of the lake.

Explain how the water lilies will affect the biodiversity of this lake.

A slide of potato cells was viewed using a light microscope.

Figure 20 is a drawing of the slide showing starch grains in the potato cells.

Calculate the mean number of starch grains in potato cells P, Q and R.

Which structures are found in plant cells but are not found in animal cells?

A scientist investigated how the length of starch grains in potatoes changed when the potatoes were stored in the dark.

Figure 21 shows a potato after being stored in the dark.

Three potatoes were used in the investigation.

The length of starch grains in potato 1 were measured at the start.

The length of starch grains were measured in potato 2 after 5 weeks in the dark.

The length of starch grains were measured in potato 3 after 10 weeks in the dark.

Figure 22 shows the results.

Calculate the percentage difference in the mean length of starch grains in potato 2 at 5 weeks and in potato 3 at 10 weeks.

State two variables the scientist should have controlled to improve this investigation.

The starch grains in the potatoes became smaller as the starch was converted into glucose.

State why the potatoes need glucose.

*(c) Figure 23 shows a diagram of some equipment that can be used to investigate the rate of photosynthesis.

Devise a plan to investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.

Include variables you would need to control.

Figure 2 shows the leaves and flowers of water lily plants (Nymphaea odorata) on a lake.

Water lilies have stomata on the upper surface of the leaves.

Explain why water lilies have no stomata on the lower surface of the leaves.

The white petals of the water lily flowers cannot photosynthesise.

Which structure in leaf cells is the site of photosynthesis?

Glucose is made by photosynthesis.

Glucose is converted to another sugar to be transported in the plant.

What is the name of this sugar?

Describe how this sugar is transported from the leaves to the flowers of the water lily.

Figure 3 shows water lilies growing in a lake in Europe.

One water lily plant was brought from America 10 years ago and planted in the lake shown in Figure 3.

Explain why this non‑indigenous plant now covers the whole surface of the lake.

A slide of potato cells was viewed using a light microscope.

Figure 4 is a drawing of the slide showing starch grains in the potato cells.

Calculate the mean number of starch grains in potato cells P, Q and R.

Which structures are found in plant cells but are not found in animal cells?

A scientist investigated how the length of starch grains in potatoes changed when the potatoes were stored in the dark.

Figure 5 shows a potato after being stored in the dark.

Figure 5

Three potatoes were used in the investigation.

The length of starch grains in potato 1 were measured at the start.

The length of starch grains in potato 2 were measured after 5 weeks in the dark.

The length of starch grains in potato 3 were measured after 10 weeks in the dark.

Figure 6 shows the results.

Calculate the percentage difference in the mean length of starch grains in potato 2 at 5 weeks and in potato 3 at 10 weeks.

State two variables the scientist should have controlled to improve this investigation.

The starch grains in the potatoes became smaller as the starch was converted into glucose.

State why the potatoes need glucose.

Describe how starch is broken down into glucose.

Organisms can be classified by the five kingdom or three domain method.

What is the name of the domain that plants belong to?

Plant cells contain chloroplasts.

What happens in a chloroplast?

Give a reason why the three domain method of classification has been suggested.

Figure 7 shows a cyanobacterium magnified 50 000 times.

The line AB shows the diameter of the bacterial cell.

(Source: © The Christian Science Monitor)

Figure 7

Calculate the actual diameter of the cyanobacterium.

Give your answer in micrometres (µ m).

Bacterial cells contain plasmids.

Describe three other features of a bacterial cell.

Figure 8 shows a plasmid containing the human insulin gene.

Explain how the human insulin gene can be inserted into a plasmid.

Figure 10 shows a plant cell as seen under a light microscope.

(Source: © HERVE CONGE, ISM/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY)

Figure 10

Draw this plant cell in the box below.

Label three parts of this cell.

Mitochondria cannot be seen with a light microscope.

What is the function of mitochondria in a plant cell?

A student wanted to investigate the movement of water into and out of cells in potatoes.

The student had the equipment shown in Figure 11.

The test tubes in the rack contain different concentrations of sodium chloride solution.

The solutions were 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4 M and 0.5 M sodium chloride solution.

The test tube in the beaker contains distilled water.

There are three potato chips in each of the six test tubes.

State why the test tube in the beaker only contains distilled water and three potato chips.

State two variables that need to be controlled in this investigation.

Explain why the chips in the 0.5 M sodium chloride solution lost mass.

(a) Figure 5 shows two potato chips.

Figure 6 shows some information about each potato chip.

Calculate the total surface area of potato chip B using the formula,

Total surface area = 2XY + 2XZ + 2YZ

The potato chips were placed in distilled water for 20 minutes.

Figure 7 shows the increase in mass of each potato chip.

Explain why potato chip B has a greater increase in mass than potato chip A.

Potato chip A is transferred from the distilled water into a concentrated salt solution.

Explain what will happen to the cells in potato chip A.

The potatoes of a potato plant develop underground.

Explain one difference in the sub-cellular structures in a cell in the potato and those in a cell in the leaf of the potato plant.

Streptococcus bacteria can cause a sore throat or skin infection.

An illness called scarlet fever can also develop during an infection with this bacterium.

Give two precautions a doctor should take when treating a patient who is infected with Streptococcus.

From September 2013 to March 2014 there were 2 830 cases of scarlet fever in the UK.

From September 2014 to March 2015 there were 5 943 cases of scarlet fever.

Calculate the percentage increase of the number of cases of scarlet fever between the periods September 2014 to March 2015 and September 2013 to March 2014.

Figure 10 shows some Streptococcus bacteria.

Some bacteria are motile, meaning they can move themselves.

Why is a Streptococcus bacterium not motile?

Patients with scarlet fever can be treated with antibiotics.

New antibiotics need to be tested before they can be used in patients.

Which is the correct sequence for the development of a new medicine?

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Most cases of scarlet fever occur in children.

Adults have usually developed immunity to a toxin that the Streptococcus bacteria produce during infection.

Explain how an adult develops immunity to the toxin.

(a) Figure 19 shows a diagram of a red blood cell from a turtle and a diagram of a red blood cell from a human.

These cells are animal cells.

Animal cells do not have

The actual length of the red blood cell from a turtle is 20.5 μ m.

Calculate the length of the magnified image of the red blood cell of the turtle when magnified 400 ×.

The width of the human red blood cell, when magnified 400 ×, is 3.08 mm.

Calculate the actual width of the cell and show your answer in standard form.

Red blood cells are carried in veins and arteries.

Figure 20 shows the equipment used to measure the elasticity of an artery.

Describe a method you could use to see how much the ring of tissue from an artery could stretch before it no longer returned to its original size.

Give one safety precaution you need to take when handling animal tissue such as blood vessels.

Figure 21 shows the circulatory system of a frog.

Explain why the circulatory system of a frog is less efficient at carrying oxygen to the tissues than the circulatory system of a human.

(a) Figure 3 shows a diagram of a red blood cell from a turtle and a diagram of a red blood cell from a human.

These cells are animal cells.

Animal cells do not have

The actual length of the red blood cell from a turtle is 20.5 μ m.

Calculate the length of the magnified image of the red blood cell of the turtle when magnified 400 ×.

The width of the human red blood cell, when magnified 400 ×, is 3.08 mm.

Calculate the actual width of the cell and show your answer in standard form.

Red blood cells are carried in veins and arteries.

Figure 4 shows the equipment used to measure the elasticity of an artery.

Describe a method you could use to see how much the ring of tissue from an artery could stretch before it no longer returned to its original size.

Give one safety precaution you need to take when handling animal tissue such as blood vessels.