Edexcel GCSE Biology Paper 2 Foundation June 2022 question paper 1BI0/2F

1 (a) Figure 1 shows part of the carbon cycle.

(i) Name the process that transfers carbon from plants to animals.

(ii) Use words from the box to complete the sentences.

Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for_{....................................................................} Animals release carbon dioxide and energy during_{....................................................................}

(iii) Which of these can be a decomposer?

(b) The water cycle is the movement of water through an ecosystem. Which process is used to obtain freshwater from seawater?

(c) Water from rivers can be filtered and then treated with chemicals to make it suitable for drinking.

(i) Give one reason why water is filtered.

(ii) Give one reason why water is treated with chemicals.

2 (a) Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets.

(i) Draw one straight line from each part of the blood to its function.

part of the blood function

Figure 2 shows some red blood cells.

(Source: © SciePro/Shutterstock)

Figure 2

(ii) State two features that can be seen in the red blood cells in Figure 2.

(b) Lymphocytes are white blood cells that produce large amounts of protein.

(i) Which organelle is needed to produce large amounts of protein?

A small lymphocyte has a diameter of 10 µ m (micrometres). A microscope magnifies this lymphocyte 400 times.

(ii) Calculate the diameter of the image of the lymphocyte seen using this microscope.

image size_{..............................................................}

(iii) How many micrometres are in 1 mm (millimetre)?

3 (a) Figure 3 shows a section through the skin.

(Source: © mariyaermolaeva/Shutterstock)

The skin helps to keep body temperature constant.

(i) Which is the correct term for maintaining a constant internal environment?

(ii) Explain how structures X and Y help to regulate body temperature when the body is too cold.

(iii) Explain how shivering can help a person regulate their body temperature.

(b) Figure 4 shows a person’s body temperature during 24 hours. midnight midday midnight

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 time in hours

Figure 4

(i) State this person’s highest body temperature.

(ii) Explain the change in body temperature from 0 hours to 4 hours.

4 (a) Figure 5 shows some onion cells that have been soaked in a concentrated salt solution.

(Source: © Rattiya Thongdumhyu/Shutterstock)

Figure 5

(i) The cells in Figure 5 have been stained. Give one reason why the cells have been stained.

(ii) Which is the name of the structure labelled V?

(iii) The salt solution outside the cell has a higher concentration than the solution inside the cell. Explain why the cytoplasm shrinks away from the sides of the cell when the cells are in salt solution.

(b) Figure 6 shows the equipment used to prepare a microscope slide of onion cells.

Describe how this equipment could be used to prepare a slide of onion cells to view under a microscope.

(c) A student investigated the percentage change in mass of potato cylinders placed in sucrose solutions of different concentrations. Figure 7 shows the results of the student’s investigation.

concentration of sucrose solution in mol/dm³

Figure 7

State two conclusions that can be made from these results.

5 (a) Figure 8 shows a compost bin.

(Source: © Evan Lorne/Shutterstock)

(i) Give one reason why the compost bin has gaps at the sides.

(ii) A student placed 2.0 kg of vegetable waste in a compost bin. After 20 days, the student reweighed the vegetable waste and found that its mass was 1.7 kg. Calculate the rate of decomposition of the vegetable waste. Use the equation

rate of decomposition =_{..............................................................}kg per day

(iii) The temperature in the compost bin increased from 20C to 25C. Explain how this increase in temperature would affect the rate of decomposition in the compost bin.

(b) Figure 9 shows some preserved food that can be bought in a supermarket.

Dried food Vacuum packed food (Source: © Sarah Marchant/Shutterstock © Cultura Motion/Shutterstock)

Figure 9

Explain why these two types of preserved foods do not decompose.

6 (a) Figure 10 shows a method of investigating the rate of photosynthesis in a water plant.

(Source: © ghrzuzudu/Shutterstock)

Figure 10

(i) What are the products of photosynthesis?

(ii) The rate of photosynthesis can be measured by counting the number of bubbles of gas produced in one minute. Figure 11 shows some results from this investigation in different light intensities. Light intensity was changed by moving the lamp towards or away from the water plant.

Figure 11

Describe the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. Use information from Figure 11 to help you.

(iii) The bubbles are different sizes and can be difficult to count. Describe how the quality of the results from this investigation could be improved.

(iv) Describe how this investigation could be changed to find the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis.

(b) Increased nitrates can cause eutrophication in lakes. Explain how eutrophication will affect the fish living in the lakes.

7 Figure 12 shows the urinary system of a mammal.

Figure 12

(a) Name structure J and structure K.

(b) Nephrons in the kidney filter the blood to produce urine. Urine contains urea.

(i) What is urea made from?

(ii) Figure 13 shows which components of the blood are filtered into the nephron.

Figure 13

Explain the conclusions that can be made from this information.

*(c) It is estimated that about 3 million people in the UK are at risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). The most severe stages of CKD can result in kidney failure. Discuss the use of different treatments for kidney failure.

8 (a) Figure 14 shows a diagram of a plant root hair cell.

Figure 14

(i) Name the part labelled R.

(ii) Explain one adaptation of a root hair cell that increases the absorption of water and mineral ions.

(b) Figure 15 shows xylem and phloem from the stem of a plant.

Figure 15

(i) Living cells in phloem use energy to transport sucrose. Which organelles release energy in living cells?

(ii) Describe two features of the structure of xylem vessels that can be seen in Figure 15.

(c) A scientist investigated how the flow of air affected the rate of transpiration in a plant. A fan was used to change the flow of air. The volume of water taken up by the plant was measured. Figure 16 shows the results of this investigation. fan switched on

time in minutes

Figure 16

(i) Explain why switching on the fan caused a change in the volume of water taken up by the plant.

(ii) Give one reason why the volume of water taken up by the plant was also measured when the fan was not switched on.

(iii) Calculate the rate of water uptake from 8 minutes to 10 minutes when the fan was switched on. Use the equation

_{..............................................................}mm³ per minute

9 (a) Figure 17 shows a cross-section of an artery and a vein.

(Source: © The University of Kansas Medical Center)

Figure 17

(i) Explain one difference between the artery wall and the vein wall shown in Figure 17.

(ii) Name one structure that is found in veins but not found in arteries.

(b) A human body has 5 dm³ of blood. At rest 20% of the blood travels to the muscles. During exercise 60% of the blood travels to the muscles.

(i) Calculate the volume of blood travelling to the muscles during exercise.

(ii) Explain one reason why there is an increase in blood flow to muscles during exercise.

*(c) Figure 18 shows the structure of the human heart.

Figure 18

Explain how the structure of the heart is related to its function.

10 A student investigated the width of leaves on nettle plants growing in two areas next to a woodland. Figure 19a shows a nettle plant and Figure 19b shows a map of the woodland showing area A and area B. The woodland caused area A to be in the shade.

(Source: © Alila Medical Media/Shutterstock) Figure 19a Figure 19b The student measured the maximum width of leaves on five plants from each area. The student always measured one leaf from the fourth pair of leaves.

(a) Give one reason why the student always measured a leaf from the fourth pair of leaves.

(b) Figure 20 shows the results.

Figure 20

(i) Why did the student not include the circled width when calculating the mean for area B?

(ii) Explain the difference in the mean width of leaves in the shade and those in the sunlight.

(c) The student also studied some of the animals in areas A and B. The student saw caterpillars eating the leaves of some nettles. The student also saw a toad eating a large beetle. Large beetles eat ladybirds. Ladybirds eat caterpillars.

(i) Give the food chain for these feeding relationships.

(ii) Frogs also eat large beetles. Figure 21 shows the energy transferred between these animals.

Figure 21

Calculate the percentage efficiency of energy transfer from the large beetles to the frog.

(iii) Give two reasons why only some of the energy in the biomass of the large beetles is transferred to the biomass of the frog.