The menstrual cycle

The menopause occurs when the menstrual cycle stops.

Figure 16 shows the hormone concentrations in the blood before the menopause

Compare and contrast the hormone concentrations before and after the menopause.

Explain the roles of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle.

*(b) Figure 17 shows the blood glucose concentrations for a person who has type 2 diabetes and a person who does not have type 2 diabetes.

Explain how glucose concentrations are controlled for a person with type 2 diabetes and a person who does not have type 2 diabetes.

Include information from Figure 17 in your answer.

Endocrine glands produce hormones.

Draw two crosses on Figure 5 to show the position of the ovaries.

Progesterone is produced in the ovaries.

State one effect of progesterone on the uterus lining.

Insulin is a hormone that controls blood glucose concentration.

Which endocrine gland produces insulin?

State how insulin is transported from its endocrine gland to its target organs.

Name the main target organ for insulin.

People with type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin.

Figure 6 shows the blood glucose concentration for a person with type 1 diabetes.

Describe the trend from midday to 1 pm.

State what a person with type 1 diabetes could have done to cause the change in the blood glucose concentration from 1.05 pm to 1.30 pm.

People with type 2 diabetes have cells that do not respond to insulin.

State two ways that people with type 2 diabetes can control their blood glucose concentration.

4 Hormones are chemicals produced in endocrine glands.

(a) Draw one straight line from each hormone to the endocrine gland that produces it.

hormone endocrine gland

(b) Figure 8 shows some of the changes that occur during the menstrual cycle.

0 7 14 21 28 Time (days)

Figure 8

(i) The level of oestrogen peaks on day 13. State the effect on the follicle caused by the peak in oestrogen.

(ii) Describe the effect of progesterone on the uterus lining from day 13 to day 21.

(c) The condom is an example of a barrier contraceptive. State one advantage and one disadvantage of using this barrier method of contraception.

Advantage

Disadvantage

(d) The contraceptive pill is an example of a hormonal method of contraception. Explain one way that the contraceptive pill stops a woman from becoming pregnant.

Figure 15 shows the changes in the levels of the hormones of the menstrual cycle.

Days of menstrual cycle oestrogen

Figure 15

The maximum concentration of oestrogen is just before ovulation.

Which is the maximum concentration of oestrogen?

Explain how two of the hormones shown in Figure 15 cause ovulation.

State the number of days for the first menstruation shown in Figure 15.

Explain how the levels of each hormone in the woman shown in Figure 15 would be different, if she was pregnant.

Hyperthyroidism is caused by an overactive thyroid gland.

Figure 14 shows a person with a normal thyroid gland and a person with hyperthyroidism.

State one effect of hyperthyroidism on the thyroid gland.

The thyroid gland is part of the

Explain how negative feedback, involving the thyroid gland, controls metabolic rate.

(4).

*(c) Explain how hormones control the menstrual cycle.

Figure 3 shows the positions of the endocrine glands in a woman and a man.

Draw one straight line from each hormone to the effect of the hormone on the body.

How is adrenalin transported from the adrenal glands to its target organs?

What name is given to the process of maintaining the internal body conditions?

Figure 4 shows the concentration of glucose in the blood of a person.

Describe the trends shown in Figure 4 from 0 minutes to 30 minutes.

Explain why the concentration of glucose decreases from 30 minutes to 40 minutes.

(a) (i) Women with the condition known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) do not ovulate regularly.

Women with PCOS can be treated using clomifene therapy.

Clomifene therapy stimulates the production of FSH.

Name the endocrine gland that produces FSH.

During this therapy, a woman takes a clomifene tablet each day for the first five days of her menstrual cycle.

Describe the changes that would happen inside the ovaries during the first five days of this treatment.

Which hormone causes ovulation?

During clomifene therapy, the woman has a blood test on day 20 of the menstrual cycle.

The blood test shows a high level of progesterone.

Explain the cause of this high level of progesterone on day 20 of the menstrual cycle.

Hormones are also used as a method of contraception.

Explain why taking high levels of oestrogen and progesterone in the combined contraceptive pill reduces the chance of pregnancy.

The female population of Britain is 32.6 million.

The percentage of this population taking the combined contraceptive pill is 13.2%.

The combined pill is 98.8% effective.

Calculate the maximum number of females taking the combined contraceptive pill who could become pregnant.

(a) Figure 17 shows the concentration of the hormones oestrogen and progesterone in the blood of women of different ages.

Use information from Figure 17 to explain why women over the age of 50 are less likely to ovulate.

Use information from Figure 17 to explain why women are less likely to menstruate after the age of 60.

Explain how clomifene therapy may increase the chance of a woman over the age of 50 becoming pregnant.

The hormone progesterone is produced by the

Explain how the release of adrenalin can result in the improved performance of an athlete.