Addition polymerisation

Name compound A and compound B.

Compound A and compound B react to produce a condensation polymer.

Name the type of condensation polymer produced from compound A and compound B.

Name the small molecule lost when molecules of compound A and of compound B react.

Glycine is an amino acid.

Glycine can produce condensation polymers.

Name the type of condensation polymer produced when glycine polymerises.

Complete Figure 5 to show the displayed structural formula of glycine.

Which polymer is produced when different amino acids are combined in the same chain?

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The polymer poly(tetrafluoroethene) is produced from the monomer tetrafluoroethene (C₂F₄).

Complete the equation for the production of poly(tetrafluoroethene) from tetrafluoroethene.

Poly(tetrafluoroethene) is a thermosoftening polymer.

Some other polymers are thermosetting polymers.

Describe the structure of a thermosetting polymer.

This question is about addition reactions.

Figure 7 shows the displayed structural formula of ethene.

Complete the sentence.

When bromine water is added to ethene, the bromine water changes from orange to

Chlorine reacts with ethene.

What is used to identify chlorine?

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Which of the following shows the displayed structural formula of the compound produced when chlorine reacts with ethene?

Use Figure 7.

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Chloroethene can be used to produce a polymer called poly(chloroethene).

The displayed structural formula of chloroethene is

Which represents the structure of poly(chloroethene)?

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Ethene can be used to produce another polymer called poly(ethene).

Table 3 shows information about poly(chloroethene) and poly(ethene).

Determine the simplest whole number ratio of the density of poly(chloroethene): density of poly(ethene).

Simplest whole number ratio =

Poly(ethene) and poly(chloroethene) can both be used to make pipes.

Suggest why neither polymer is suitable for pipes carrying steam at a temperature of 300 °C.

Use Table 3.

Poly(ethene) and paper can both be used to make shopping bags.

Poly(ethene) is produced from crude oil. Paper is produced from trees.

Suggest one reason why paper is more sustainable than poly(ethene) for making shopping bags.

This question is about monomers and polymers.

Compound A has an alkene functional group and an ester functional group.

Figure 8 represents a molecule of compound A.

Draw a circle around the alkene functional group on Figure 8.

Describe what will be seen when compound A is shaken with bromine water.

Figure 9 is a repeat of Figure 8.

Draw a circle around the ester functional group on Figure 9.

Compound A has the formula C₄H₆O₂

Compound A is flammable.

Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of compound A.

Many molecules of compound A join together to form polymer B.

Complete the displayed formula equation which represents this reaction.

What type of polymer is polymer B ?

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Polymer B is a polymer which melts when heated.

What word is used to describe polymers which melt when heated?

Explain why some polymers do not melt when heated.

This question is about glass and polymers.

Beakers can be made from borosilicate glass or poly(propene).

Table 1 shows information about materials used to make beakers.

Suggest two reasons why a Bunsen burner should not be used to heat a liquid in a poly(propene) beaker.

Use Table 1.

Poly(propene) beakers are more expensive than borosilicate glass beakers.

Suggest one reason why using poly(propene) beakers instead of borosilicate glass beakers could save money.

Use Table 1.

Which is a raw material used to make borosilicate glass?

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Poly(propene) is produced from propene.

The displayed structural formula of propene is:

Table 2 shows some information about the elements in one molecule of propene.

Complete Table 2.

Which structure is the repeating unit of poly(propene)?

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Poly(propene) is produced in three stages:

• Stage 1: separating large alkane molecules from crude oil

• Stage 2: producing propene molecules from large alkane molecules

• Stage 3: joining many propene molecules together.

Name Stage 1, Stage 2 and Stage 3.

Choose answers from the box.

Stage 1 is.

Stage 2 is.

Stage 3 is.

A molecule of hexene contains a double carbon–carbon bond.

Many hexene molecules join together to form poly(hexene).

Which two words describe a hexene molecule in this process?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

This question is about polymers.

Chloroethene can be used to produce an addition polymer called poly(chloroethene). The displayed structural formula of chloroethene is

Draw a circle around the functional group on the displayed structural formula that allows chloroethene to produce an addition polymer.

Complete the equation for the production of poly(chloroethene) from chloroethene.

Poly(ethene) can be strengthened with wood particles to make a building material. The building material consists of a wood particle reinforcement embedded in a poly(ethene) matrix. What general name is given to materials like this?

The amino acid beta-alanine has the formula

Beta-alanine polymerises to produce a polypeptide and a small molecule. Name the small molecule produced when beta-alanine polymerises.

An amino acid can be represented as:

The relative formula mass (M_r) of this amino acid is 75 Calculate the relative formula mass of the section of this amino acid molecule represented by

Relative atomic masses (A_r): H = 1 C = 12 N = 14 O = 16

Figure 6 represents part of a naturally occurring polymer molecule produced from glucose.

Draw a circle around the repeating unit in the polymer in Figure 6.

Suggest the identity of this polymer.

Figure 7 represents the structure of a naturally occurring polymer.

Give the general name for the four different monomers which make up the structure shown in Figure 7.

Name the shape of the structure shown in Figure 7.

This question is about copper wire and copper compounds.

Copper is used to make electrical wires. Figure 9 shows how copper electrical wire is insulated using an addition polymer called poly(butene).

The addition polymer poly(butene) has the displayed structural formula:

Poly(butene) is produced from the monomer butene. Complete Figure 10 to show the displayed structural formula of butene.

Copper can be obtained by recycling scrap copper wire.

Suggest why poly(butene) insulation must be removed from scrap copper wire before the copper is recycled.

Describe how scrap copper wire can be recycled to make new copper water pipes.

Suggest two reasons why recycling scrap copper is more sustainable than extracting copper from copper ores.

Copper sulfate is a compound of copper. Copper sulfate solution contains copper(II) ions and sulfate ions.

A solution can be added to copper sulfate solution to show the presence of copper(II) ions. Name the solution added. Give the result of the test. Name of solution added

Describe one test to show the presence of sulfate ions in copper sulfate solution. Give the result of the test.

This question is about copper wire and copper compounds.

Copper is used to make electrical wires. Figure 1 shows how copper electrical wire is insulated using an addition polymer called poly(butene).

The addition polymer poly(butene) has the displayed structural formula:

Poly(butene) is produced from the monomer butene. Complete Figure 2 to show the displayed structural formula of butene.

Copper can be obtained by recycling scrap copper wire.

Suggest why poly(butene) insulation must be removed from scrap copper wire before the copper is recycled.

Describe how scrap copper wire can be recycled to make new copper water pipes.

Suggest two reasons why recycling scrap copper is more sustainable than extracting copper from copper ores.

Copper sulfate is a compound of copper. Copper sulfate solution contains copper(II) ions and sulfate ions.

A solution can be added to copper sulfate solution to show the presence of copper(II) ions. Name the solution added. Give the result of the test. Name of solution added

Describe one test to show the presence of sulfate ions in copper sulfate solution. Give the result of the test.

This question is about substances used to make windows and window frames.

Figure 2 shows a window.

Glass is made by heating sand with two other materials.

Which two other materials are used to make glass?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Window frames need to be:

• easy to install

• resistant to damage.

The polymers poly(chloroethene) and HDPE are used to make window frames.

Table 3 shows information about poly(chloroethene) and HDPE.

Suggest one advantage of using poly(chloroethene) compared with HDPE to make window frames.

Give one reason for your answer.

Use Table 3.

Suggest one advantage of using HDPE compared with poly(chloroethene) to make window frames.

Give one reason for your answer.

Use Table 3.

Figure 3 shows the displayed structural formula of poly(chloroethene).

Which monomer is used to make poly(chloroethene)?

Tick (✓) one box.

Chlorine gas is used to produce poly(chloroethene).

Describe a test to identify chlorine gas.

Give the result of the test.

Wood can be used instead of polymers to make window frames.

• Polymers are unreactive.

• Polymers are produced from crude oil.

• Wood breaks down in wet conditions.

• Wood is produced from trees.

Suggest one advantage of using polymers and one advantage of using wood to make window frames.

Advantage of polymers

Advantage of wood

Window frames can also be made from an alloy of aluminium.

6.00 kg of the alloy is used to make a window frame.

Table 4 shows the mass of each element in 6.00 kg of the alloy.

Calculate the percentage of aluminium in 6.00 kg of the alloy.

Why is an alloy used instead of pure aluminium to make window frames?

This question is about organic compounds.

Butane is an alkane with small molecules.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

Butane can be used as a

Poly(propene) is a polymer.

What is the name of the monomer used to produce poly(propene)?

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Ethene and steam react to produce ethanol.

The equation for the reversible reaction is:

ethene + steam ethanol

The reaction produces a maximum theoretical mass of 400 kg of ethanol from 243 kg of ethene and 157 kg of steam.

A company produces 380 kg of ethanol from 243 kg of ethene and 157 kg of steam.

The percentage yield of ethanol is less than 100%

Calculate the percentage yield of ethanol.

Use the equation:

What are two possible reasons why the percentage yield of ethanol is less than 100%?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Ethanol burns in oxygen.

Balance the equation for the reaction.

Two processes for producing ethanol are:

• fermentation

• hydration (reacting ethene with steam).

Table 5 shows information about the processes.

Give two advantages and two disadvantages of using fermentation to produce ethanol.

Advantage of fermentation 1

Advantage of fermentation 2

Disadvantage of fermentation 1

Disadvantage of fermentation 2

This question is about poly(ethene) and polyesters.

Poly(ethene) is produced from ethene. Figure 3 shows part of the displayed structural formula equation for the reaction. Complete Figure 3.

Poly(ethene) is a thermosoftening polymer. Suggest why poly(ethene) is easier to recycle than thermosetting polymers.

Ethene produces different forms of poly(ethene). How can different forms of poly(ethene) be produced from ethene?

Two different forms of poly(ethene) are:

• high density poly(ethene) (HDPE)

• low density poly(ethene) (LDPE).

Figure 4 represents part of the structures of HDPE and LDPE.

Figure 4

Explain why HDPE has a higher density than LDPE.

Figure 5 shows three monomers, A, B and C. Monomer A can react with monomer B and with monomer C to produce polyesters.

Figure 5

Draw a circle on Figure 5 around an alcohol functional group.

Complete Table 2 to show the formula of the small molecule produced when:

• monomer A reacts with monomer B

• monomer A reacts with monomer C.

This question is about materials used to make plates.

Plates are made from ceramics, paper or poly(propene).

Paper plates are biodegradable and recyclable.

Which stage of a life cycle assessment (LCA) would contain this information?

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Which two processes are used to make ceramic plates?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Poly(propene) is produced from an alkene.

Complete the sentences.

The alkene needed to make poly(propene) is produced from crude oil.

Which two processes are used to produce this alkene from crude oil?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

What type of bond joins the atoms in a molecule of poly(propene)?

Tick (✓) one box.

Table 4 shows information about two polymers used to make plates.

What type of polymer is polymer A ?

Use Table 4.

Why does polymer A behave differently to polymer B when heated?

You should refer to crosslinks in your answer.

Figure 3 shows a surfer on a surfboard.

Some surfboards are made from addition polymers.

Addition polymers are made from small alkene molecules.

Which type of bonding is present in small alkene molecules?

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What is the functional group in these small alkene molecules?

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Figure 4 shows the structure of part of an addition polymer surfboard.

The outer surface of the surfboard is coated.

The coating is made from soda-lime glass fibres surrounded by a plastic.

What type of material is the coating of the surfboard?

Tick (✓) one box.

Complete the sentence.

Choose answers from the box.

The materials used to make the soda-lime glass fibres are sodium carbonate,

Suggest two reasons why surfboards are coated.

Some surfboards are made from wood.

Table 3 contains information about the materials in an addition polymer surfboard and a wooden surfboard.

Suggest two advantages and two disadvantages of using addition polymers rather than wood to make surfboards.

Use Table 3.

Advantages of addition polymers

Disadvantages of addition polymers

Calculate the volume of wood in a wooden surfboard of mass 5.25 kg

Use Table 3 and the equation:

Figure 5 shows a surfer on a surfboard.

Surfboards are made from polymers.

Surfboards have a poly(styrene) core and an outer skin.

Figure 6 shows the displayed structural formula of poly(styrene).

Figure 7 shows an incomplete displayed structural formula of the monomer styrene.

Complete Figure 7.

The outer skin of surfboards contains a polyester.

Two monomers, A and B, are needed to make the polyester.

Figure 8 shows how these two monomers are represented.

Figure 8

Monomer A
Monomer B

Name the functional group in monomer B.

Monomers A and B join together to produce a polyester and a small molecule.

Name the small molecule.

Why does this type of polyester melt when it is heated?

The outer skin of surfboards is a composite material.

The composite material contains glass fibres surrounded by a polyester.

Draw one line from each material to the description of that material.

Material
Description of the material

The outer skin makes the surfboard more expensive.

Suggest two reasons why an outer skin is added to the poly(styrene) core.

This question is about polymers.

Polyesters are produced when monomers join together and lose a small molecule. Name the small molecule lost.

Poly(propene) is produced from propene. Complete the structure of poly(propene) in the equation.

Carpets are made from:

• poly(propene)

• wool

• a mixture of poly(propene) and wool.

Poly(propene) wears out more slowly than wool. A mixture of poly(propene) and wool to make carpets is more sustainable than using just poly(propene) or just wool. Suggest why.

Polymer fibres are used to make firefighter uniforms. Table 3 shows some properties of two polymer fibres.

Evaluate the suitability of poly(propene) and polyester for firefighter uniforms.