Fractional distillation & petrochemicals

Crude oil is a resource found in rocks.

What is crude oil produced from?

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Most of the compounds in crude oil are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms only.

What name is given to compounds made of carbon and hydrogen atoms only?

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Crude oil found in different areas has different compositions.

Table 1 shows the percentage (%) composition of crude oil from two different areas.

Give three differences between the composition of crude oil from area A and crude oil from area B.

Table 2 shows the percentage (%) composition of crude oil from area C.

Calculate the volume of kerosene in 160 dm³ of crude oil from area C.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Use Table 2.

Complete Figure 1.

You should:

• complete the scale for the y-axis

• plot the data for kerosene and for petrol from Table 2

• label the bars for kerosene and for petrol.

Crude oil is a finite resource found in rocks.

What is meant by a ‘finite’ resource?

Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons.

Define the term ‘hydrocarbon’.

Crude oil found in different areas has different compositions.

Table 2 shows the percentage (%) composition of crude oil from one area.

The volume of crude oil is measured in a unit called ‘barrels’.

Calculate the volume of petrol in dm³ in 90 barrels of crude oil.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Fractions from crude oil can be processed to produce many useful materials by the petrochemical industry.

Which is a useful material produced by the petrochemical industry?

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Catalytic cracking is used to crack hydrocarbons.

Name one other method of cracking hydrocarbons.

Alkanes are produced by cracking.

Hydrocarbon Z is a different type of hydrocarbon to alkanes.

Hydrocarbon Z:

• is also produced by cracking

• can be used to produce polymers.

Describe a test for hydrocarbon Z.

Give the result of the test.

Alkanes and alkenes are hydrocarbons.

Define the term ‘hydrocarbon’.

The general formula for alkanes is C_nH_2n+2

Determine the formula of the alkane with 10 carbon atoms.

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

Figure 4 represents industrial equipment used to separate crude oil into fractions.

Explain how crude oil is separated into fractions.

Use Figure 4.

The alkane molecule C₁₄H₃₀ can be cracked to produce smaller molecules.

Balance the equation for the reaction.

Propene (C₃H₆) is an alkene.

Describe the test for alkenes.

Give the result.

Poly(propene) is made from propene.

Figure 5 represents the repeating unit of poly(propene).

What type of substance is poly(propene)?

Alkanes and alkenes are hydrocarbons.

Define the term ‘hydrocarbon’.

The general formula for alkanes is C_nH_2n+2

Determine the formula of the alkane with 10 carbon atoms.

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

Figure 1 represents industrial equipment used to separate crude oil into fractions.

Explain how crude oil is separated into fractions.

Use Figure 1.

The alkane molecule C₁₄H₃₀ can be cracked to produce smaller molecules.

Balance the equation for the reaction.

Propene (C₃H₆) is an alkene.

Describe the test for alkenes.

Give the result.

Poly(propene) is made from propene.

Figure 2 represents the repeating unit of poly(propene).

What type of substance is poly(propene)?

Crude oil contains a large number of hydrocarbons.

Crude oil is a finite resource. What is a finite resource? Tick (✓) one box.

What is crude oil formed from? Tick (✓) one box.

What type of substance is crude oil? Tick (✓) one box.

The hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated into fractions using fractional distillation. Complete the sentences. Choose answers from the box.

In fractional distillation the crude oil is heated so

Hydrocarbons can be cracked to produce more useful molecules.

Complete the sentence. Choose the answer from the box.

Hydrogen gas is a product of cracking. What is used in the test for hydrogen gas? Tick (✓) one box.

5.20 kg of crude oil contains 1.53 kg of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). Calculate the percentage (%) of LPG in 5.20 kg of crude oil. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Crude oil is a mixture of many different compounds.

Give two reasons why crude oil is not a formulation.

Describe how crude oil is separated into fractions.

The fractions from crude oil contain alkanes. Explain why alkanes are cracked.

Cracking produces a mixture of products.

An equation for cracking decane (C₁₀H₂₂) is:

Describe a test to identify the gas produced in the reaction.

Alkenes are produced in cracking. The general formula for the homologous series of alkenes is C_nH_2n Which formula represents an alkene? Tick (✓) one box.

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

Complete the sentences. Choose answers from the box.

There are three stages, A, B and C, in separating hydrocarbons from crude oil. Stage A Hydrocarbons evaporate Stage B Crude oil is heated Stage C Vapours condense

Give the correct order for stages A, B and C.

What is the name of the process used in separating hydrocarbons from crude oil? Tick (✓) one box.

Alkanes are hydrocarbons. Figure 1 represents an alkane.

What is the formula of the alkane in Figure 1 ?

What does X represent in Figure 1 ? Tick (✓) one box.

What is the general formula for alkanes? Tick (✓) one box.

Hydrocarbons are used to make polymers. Polymers are used to make plastic bags. In one year 8.0 billion plastic bags were used. The next year there was a charge for plastic bags and only 1.3 billion plastic bags were used. Calculate the decrease in the number of plastic bags used.

This question is about crude oil and alkanes.

Describe how crude oil is formed.

Describe how crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation.

Table 2 shows the boiling points of three alkanes.

What is the general formula for alkanes?

Explain the trend in the boiling points of the alkanes.

A student investigated one property of the alkanes C₅H₁₂, C₁₀H₂₂ and C₁₅H₃₂ This is the method used.

1. Pour 20 cm³ of C₅H₁₂ into a separating funnel.

2. Open the tap of the separating funnel and start a timer.

3. Stop the timer when the level of C₅H₁₂ reaches line X.

4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 with C₁₀H₂₂ and C₁₅H₃₂

Figure 5 shows the apparatus used.

The level of C₅H₁₂ takes 6.4 seconds to reach line X. Predict the trend in times for the other two alkanes. Give one reason for your answer.

This question is about hydrocarbons and crude oil.

Hydrocarbon fuels are produced from crude oil. Describe how crude oil is separated into fractions.

Butane is a hydrocarbon.

Two equations for the combustion of butane are:

Why are different products formed?

One other product of the combustion of butane is carbon monoxide. Balance the equation.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Describe the greenhouse effect in terms of the interaction of short and long wavelength radiation with matter.

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

The hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated into fractions by fractional distillation.

Figure 13 shows a fractional distillation column.

Crude oil vapour passes up the column.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

Why do the fractions separate?

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Most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil are alkanes.

Figure 14 represents an alkane molecule.

Name the alkane.

Methane (CH₄) is an alkane.

What is the general formula for alkanes?

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Alkanes burn in oxygen.

Balance the equation for methane burning.

Ethene is an alkene.

Which reagent is used to test for alkenes?

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Table 6 shows data from a life cycle assessment (LCA) for the disposal of 10 000 biodegradable plastic bags.

Why are life cycle assessments (LCA) done?

Compare the two methods for the disposal of biodegradable plastic bags.

Use information from Table 6